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NEW 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR: 

CONTAINING ALSO 

PUNCTUATION, 

THE NOTES UNDER RULES IN SYNTAX, 

AND 

LESSONS IN PARSING: 

THE RULES AND DEFINITIONS TAKEN MOSTLY FROM MURRAY 

TO ALL WHICH IS ADAPTED 

A NEW SYSTEM OF QUESTIONS; 

BY SAMUEL PUTNAM. 

REVISED AND IMPROVED, 

BY DAVID PRICE, 

AUTHOR OF THS ENGLISH SPELLEH, ETC. 



W 



NEW YORK: 
MASON BROTHERS, 



T6« 



ii 



•\H 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, 

By DAVID PRICE, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Stales for the 
Southern District of New York. 



, t 



*$ 






PREFACE. 



The sale of the former editions of this work has encour- 
aged the Editor to offer the public another, containing, as 
he would hope, some valuable improvements. 

The object of the questions interspersed through this 
Grammar, is. to lead the learner, while committing his 
lesson, to discover its meaning and application. 

The scholar should answer the questions which are num- 
bered, in the common way. The questions which are not 
numbered, have no direct answer on the page ; the design 
of which is, to teach the pupil to think for himself, and 
avail himself of his own resources, as soon as he shall have 
any at command. 

As some teachers have expressed a wish for this Gram- 
mar in the catechetical form, with questions and answers 
alternately succeeding each other, and as it seemed that 
one in such a form would be less conveniently read, the 
attempt has been made, by the help of figures, to secure 
the advantages of that form, while its inconveniences are 
avoided. 

The number of the question is prefixed to its appro- 
priate answer ; and this arrangement will enable the 
scholar as readily to learn the answer, as if it followed its 
proper question. 

This edition also contains Punctuation, and the most im- 
portant Notes in Murray's Syntax, with Lessons in Parsing, 
to which are prefixed Specimens illustrative of that, exercise, 
arranged in their appropriate places. In other grammars. 



4 PREFACE. 

these exercises are generally found either in an appendix, 
or after all the rules relating to parsing. The objection 
to this arrangement is, that the pupil has first to burden his 
mind with a number of principles, which are but indefinitely 
understood ; and when he comes to the exercises, he is 
obliged to apply, at the same time, many of these principles 
which, by being confounded with one another, if they do 
not grow more dark and mysterious, may, at least, require 
much intellectual effort to be apprehended in all their 
various and distinct relations. The pupil, in order to be 
successful, must learn one thing at a time ; and learn it so 
thoroughly, that he shall be in no danger of confounding it 
with the next to which his mind may be directed. It is 
the design, in the present arrangement of exercises, that 
the scholar, when he shall have learned one rule, should 
immediately become acquainted with its use and applica- 
tion, before he proceeds to another ; so that, when he shall 
have gone through the Syntax, he may have a distinct 
knowledge of its principles. 

The book has not only been carefully revised, but re- 
stereotyped ; and it is now presented in a neat, compact 
form ; well bound, and it is offered at a very low price. 

THE EDITOR. 

New York, March 12, 1856. 



: 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



English Grammar is (*) the art of speaking and 
writing the English language with propriety. 

It is divided into ( 2 ) four parts, viz. ( s ) Orthog- 
raphy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. 

Questions.— 1. What is English Grammar ? 2. Into how 
many pails is it divided ? 3. Name them. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

LETTERS. 

An articulate sound is (') the sound of the human 
voice, formed by the organs of speech.* 

Orthography teaches ( 2 ) the nature and powers 
of letters, and the just methodf of spelling words. 

A Letter is ( 3 ) the first principle, or least part of 
a word. 

The letters of the English language]; (called ( 4 ) 
the English Alphabet) are twenty-six in number. 

* Organs of speech — tongue, teeth, lips, &c. 

■J- Just method — proper way. % Language — speech. 

1* 



6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

The following is a List of the Roman and Italic Characters. 
ROMAN. ITALIC. NAME. 



CAP. 


SMALL. 


CAP. 


SMALL. 




A 


a 


A 


a 


a 


B 


b 


B 


b 


be 


C 


c 





c 


se 


D 


a 


D 


d 


de 


E 


e 


E 


e 


e 


F 
G 
H 


f 

g 
h. 


F 
G 
H 


g 
h 


ef 
ditch 


I 
J 
K 


• 
1 

• 

J 
k 


I 
J 
K 


• 

i 


i or eye 

ja 

ha 


L 


1 


L 


I 


el • 


M 


m 


M 


m 


em 


N 


n 


jsr 


n 


en 





a 











P 


P 


p 


P 


pe 


Q 

R 


r 


Q 

R 


r 


cue 
arr 


8 


s 


8 


s 


es 


T 


t 


T 


t 


te 


U 
V 


u 

V 


U 
V 


u 

V 


u or you 

ve 


W 


w 


w 


to 


double u 


X 


X 


X 


X 


eks 


Y 
Z 


y 

z 


Y 
Z 


V 

z 


wy 

ze 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 7 

Letters are divided ( 5 ) into vowels and conso- 
nants. 

A Voivel is ( 6 ) a letter representing an articulate 
sound that can be perfectly uttered* by itself ; as, 
a, e, o ; which are formed without the help of any 
other sound. 

The vowels ( 7 ) are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w 
and y. 

A Consonant is ( 8 ) a letter representing an articu- 
late sound, which cannot be perfectly uttered with- 
out the help of a vowel ; as, b, d, f, I ; which require 
vowels to express them fully. 

W and y are consonants ( 9 ) when they precede a 
vowel in the same syllable ; as in wine, twine, yet ; 
but in every other situationf they are vowels. 

Consonants are divided ( I0 ) into Mutes and Semi- 
vowels. 

( ll ) The Mutes cannot be sounded at all without 
the aid of a vowel. They are ( ,2 ) b, p, t, d, Jc, and 
c and g hard. 

( ,3 ) The Semi- vowels have an imperfect sound of 
themselves. They are ( l4 ) /, /, m, n, r, v, s, z, x, 
and c and g soft. 

Four of the semi-vowels, viz. ( ,5 ) I, m, n> r, are 
also distinguished by the name of liquids, ( l6 ) from 
their readily uniting with other consonants, and 
flowing, as it were, into their sounds. 

A Diphthong is ( ,7 ) the union of two vowels, pro- 
nounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as, ea in 
beat, ou in sound. 

A Triphthong is ( l8 ) the union of three vowels, 
pronounced in like manner ; as, eau in beau, iew in 
view. 



* Perfectly littered — wholly spoken. 
f Situation — place. 



8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

A Proper Diphthong is ( 19 ) that in which both 
the vowels are sounded ; as, oi in voice, ou in ounce. 

An Improper Diphthong ( 20 ) has but one of the 
vowels sounded ; as, ca in eagle, ca in boat. 

Questions.— 1. What is an articulate sound? 2. What 
does Orthography teach ? 3. What is a Letter ? 4. What 
are the letters of the English language called ? 5. How are 
they divided? 6. What is a Vowel? 7. Which are the 
vowels ? 8. What is a Consonant ? Which of the vowels do 
you use in pronouncing b ? Which in k? 9. When are w 
and y consonants ? What is w in where ? Why ? What is 
it in how ? Why ? What is y in try ? Why ? What is it in 
youth? Why? 10. How are consonants divided ? 11. Can 
the Mutes be sounded without the aid of a vowel? 12. 
Which are they ? Which of the vowels do you use in sound- 
ing each ? 13. What is said of the Semi-vowels ? 14. Name 
them. 15. By what other name are four of the semi-vowels 
distinguished ? 16. Why ? 17. What is a Diphthong ? How 
many diphthongs do you find in your last answer ? Can you 
name any other words which contain diphthongs ? 18. What 
is a Triphthong ? How many in your last answer ? Can 
you name any other words which contain triphthongs ? 19. 
What is a Proper Diphthong ? How many in your last an- 
swer ? 20. What is an Improper Diphthong ? How many 
in your last answer ? 

SYLLABLES. 

A Syllable is (') a sound, or the representation 
of a sound, pronounced by a single impulse of the 
voice, and constituting* a word, or part of a word ; 
as, a, cm, ant. 

Spelling is ( 2 ) the art of rightly dividing words 
into their syllables, or of expressing a word by its 
proper letters. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Syllable ? 2. What is Spelling % 

W r ORDS. 

Words are (') articulate sounds, used, by common 
consent, as signs of our ideas. 

* Constituting — making, or forming. 






ETYMOLOGY. 9 

A word of one syllable is termed* ( 2 ) a mono- 
syllable ; a word of two syllables, ( 3 ) a dissyllable i 
a word of three syllables, ('*) a trisyllable ; and a 
word of four or more syllables, ( 5 ) a polysyllable. 

All words are either primitive or derivative. 

A Primitive word is ( 6 ) that which cannot be 
reduced to any simpler word in the language ; as, 
man, good, content. 

A Derivative word is ( 7 ) that which may be re- 
duced to another word in English of greater simpli- 
city ; as, manful, goodness, contentment, Yorkshire. 

Questions. — 1. What are Words ? What is an articulate 
aound ? (See page 5.) 2. What is a word of one syllable 
called ? 3. Of two syllables ? 4. Of three ? 5. Of four or 
more ? Point out a Dissyllable. A Polysyllable. A Mono- 
syllable. 6. What is a Primitive word? 1. What is a 
Derivative word ? What sort of a word is penknife $ Why ? 
What sort of a word is pen f W hy ? 



ETYMOLOGY. 

The second part of Grammar is Etymology ; 
which treatsf of (') the different sorts of words, 
their various modifications, J and their derivation. || 

There are, in English, ( 2 ) nine sorts of words, 
or, as they are commonly called, Parts of Speech ; 
namely, ( 3 ) the Article, the Substantive or Noun, 
the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Ad- 
verb, the Preposition, the Conjunction, and the 
Interjection. 

Questions. — 1. Of what does Etymology treat ? 2. How 
many sorts of words are there in English ? 3. Name them. 

* Termed — called. f Treats — tells of. 

\ Modifications — changes. || Derivation — tracing them to 
their source ; thus, man is the source whence we derive man- 
ful 



10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

1. An Article is ( l ) a word prefixed* to sub- 
stantives, to point them out, and to show how far 
their signification! extends ; J as, a garden, an eagle, 
the woman. 

Questions. — 1. What sort of a word is an Article ? What 
words in your last answer are articles ? 

2. A Substantive or Noun is (') the name of 
any thing that exists, or of which we have any no- 
tion ; as, London, man, virtue. 

A Substantive may, in general, be distinguished ( 2 ) by ita 
making sense of itself, or with the word the before it ; as, 
temperance, industry, chastity ; the book, the sun, the apple. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Noun? 2. How else may a 
Noun be distinguished? What part of speech is book* 
Why? 

[It will be well for the Teacher here to lay aside the 
Grammar, and turn to some familiar reading-lesson, and let 
the scholar select the Nouns, giving his reasons why he calls 
them such, till he shall be able to do it with facility. The 
same course may be pursued with the other parts of speech.] 

3. An Adjective is ( l ) a word added to a sub- 
stantive, to express its quality ; as, an industrious 
man, a virtuous woman. 

An Adjective may be known ( 2 ) by its making sense 
with the addition of the word thing ; as, a good thing, a bad 
thing ; or of any particular substantive ; as, a sweet apple, a 
pleasant prospect. 

Questions. — 1. What is an Adjective ? 2. How else may 
an adjective be distinguished ? What part of speech is bad? 
Why ? What is sweet ? Why ? 

4. A Pronoun is ( l ) a word used instead of a 
noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the 

* Prefixed — placed before, f Signification — meaning. 
% Thus a man signifies any man ; the man, one particular 
man ; man, leaving out the article, signifies all men. 



ETYMOLOGY. 11 

same word ; as, The man is happy ; he is benevo- 
lent ; he is useful. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Pronoun ? What is he? Why I 
Instead of what noun is it used? Kepeat the example, 
using the noun only. 

5. A Verb is (*) a word which signifies to be, to 
do, or to suffer ; as, I am, I rule, I am ruled, 

A Verb may be distinguished ( 2 ) by its making sense with 
one of the following pronouns, before it ; namely, I, thou, he, 
she, we, you, or they ; or with the word to before it ; as, I 
walk, he plays, they write ; or, to walk, to play, to write. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Verb ? What is am ? Why ? 
What is rule? Why? What is am ruled? Why? 2. 
How may a verb generally be distinguished? What is 
walk? Why? 

6. An Adverb is ( j ) a part of speech joined to 
a verb, an adjective, or, sometimes, to another ad- 
verb, to express some quality or circumstance re- 
specting it ; as, He reads tvell ; a truly good man ; 
lie writes very correctly. 

An Adverb may be generally known ( 2 ) by its answering 
to the question, How ? How much ? When ? or Where ? as, 
in the phrase, He reads correctly, the answer to the question, 
How does he read ? is, correctly. 

Questions. — 1. What is an Adverb? What is wellf 
Why ? 2. How may an adverb generally be known ? What 
is correctly ? Why ? 

1. Prepositions serve (') to connect words with 
one another, and to show the relation between them ; 
as, He went from London to York ; She is above 
disguise ; They are supported by industry. 

A Preposition may be known ( 2 ) by its making sense with 
one of the following pronouns after it, namely, me, us, her, 
him, or them ; as, with him, for her, to them, (fee. 

Questions. — 1. For what do Prepositions serve ? 2. How 
may a preposition be known ? What is by ? Why ? 



12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

8. A Conjunction is (') a part of speech that is 
chiefly used to connect sentences, so as out of two 
Or more sentences to make but one ; ( 2 ) it some- 
times connects only words ; as, Thou and he are 
happy, because you are good ; Two and three are 
five. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Conjunction? 2. Does it al- 
ways connect sentences ? What is because ? Why ? What 
is audi Why ? 

9. Interjections or Exclamations are (') words 
used to express some sudden passion or emotion of 
the speaker ; as, virtue! how amiable thou art ! 

Question. — 1. What are Interjections or Exclamations? 

ARTICLE. 

An Article is a word prefixed to substantives, 
to point them out, and show how far their significa- 
tion extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the woman. 

In English, there are but (') two articles, ( 2 ) a 
-and the ; a becomes an ( 3 ) before a vowel, and be- 
fore a silent h ; as, an acorn, an hour ; but if the h 
be sounded, the a only is to be used ; as, a hand, 
a heart, a highway. 

( 4 ) A or an is styled* the Indefinite Article : it 
is used in a vaguef sense, to point out a single thing 
of the kind, in other respects indeterminate ; as, Give 
me a book ; Bring me an apple. 

The is called the Definite Article, because it as- 
certains what particular thing or things are meant ; 
as, Give me the book ; Bring me the apples ; mean- 
ing some book, or apples, referred to. 

A substantive, without an article to limit it, is 
generally taken ( 5 ) in its widest sense ; as, A 

* Styled — called. f Vague — indefinite. 



ETYMOLOGY. 13 

candid temper is proper for man ; that is, for all 
mankind. 

Questions. — 1. How many Articles are there in English ? 
2. What are they ? 3. When does a become an ? Is it 
proper to sav a hour ? Why ? Is it proper to say an hand? 
Why ? 4. Which is the Indefinite Article ? Why ? What 
is a, in the example ? Why ? Point out some indefinite 
articles. 5. In what sense is a substantive taken which has 
no article to limit it ? What does man mean, in the exam- 
ple ? Why ? 

SUBSTANTIVE. 

A Substantive or Noun is (') the name of any- 
thing that exists, or of which we have any notion ; 
as, London, man, virtue. 

Substantives are ( 2 ) either Proper or Common. 

Proper names, or substantives, are ( 3 ) the names 
appropriated* to individuals ; as, George, London, 
Thames ; hence, proper nouns are particular names. 

Proper names always begin with a capital letter. 

Common names, or substantives, stand for sorts 
( 4 ) or classes containing many individuals under 
them ; as, animal, man, tree, &c. ; hence, common 
nouns are general names. 

Common names begin with a small letter. 

To substantives belong ( 5 ) Gender, Number, and 
Case ; and they are all of the third person ( 6 ) when 
spoken of, and of the second ( 7 ) when spoken to ; 
as, Blessings attend us on every side ; Be grateful, 
children of men! that is, ye children of men ; hence, 
( 8 ) the person of a noun is its position in discourse. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Noun ? How many nouns in 
your last answer ? 2. How are nouns divided ? 3. What 
are Proper Nouns ? What kind of a noun is George? Why? 
Point out some proper substantives. 4. For what do Com 
mon Substantives stand ? What kind of a noun is man ? 
Why ? How many in your last answer ? 5. What belong 

* Appropriated — given. 
2 



14 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



to substantives ? 6. When are thev all of the third person? 
7. V\ hen of the second ? What person is blessings in the 
example? Why? What person is children i Why ? 8 
What is the person of a noun ? 

GENDER. 

Gender is ( l ) the distinction of nouns with regard 
to sex. There are ( 2 ) three genders, ( 3 ) the Mascu- 
line, the Feminine, and the Neuter. 

The Masculine gender denotes ( 4 ) males ; as, a 
man, a horse, a bull. 

The Feminine gender denotes ( 5 ) females ; as, a 
woman, a duck, a hen. 

The Neuter gender denotes ( 6 ) objects which are 
neither males nor females ; as, a field, a house, a 
garden. 

[Nouns which are either masculine or feminine, may be 
called Common gender ; as, a bird, a child, a friend.'] 

Some substantives, naturally neuter, ( 7 ) are, by a 
figure of speech, converted* into the masculine or 
feminine gender ; as when we say of the sun, he is 
setting, and of a ship, *he sails we'll, &c. 

The English language has ( 8 ) three methods of 
distinguishing the sex, viz. 



1 



Male. 
Bachelor 
Boy 
Brother 
Buck 
King 
Drake 
Earl 
Father 
Friar 
Gander 
Hart 



By different words ; as, 



Female. 

maid 
girl 

sister 

doe 

queen 

duck 

countess 

mother 

nun 

goose 

roe 



Male. 

Husband 

Lord 

Man 

Master 

Nephew 

Singer 

Son 
Stag 
Uncle 
Wizard 



F<-male. 

wife 

lady 

woman 

mistress 

niece 
( songstress, or 
/ singer. 

daughter 

hind 

aunt 

witch 



* Converted — changed. 



ETYMOLOGY. 



15 



2. By difference of termination ; as, 



Male. 


Female, 


Male. 


Female. 


Abbot 


abbess 


Host 


hostess 


Actor 


actress 


Lion 


lioness 


Administrator 


administratrix Marquis 


marchioness 


Ambassador 


ambassadress 


Master 


mistress 


Arbiter 


arbitress 


Mayor 


mayoress 


Baron 


baroness 


Patron 


patroness 


Bridegroom 


bride 


Poet 


poetess 


Benefactor 


benefactress 


Priest 


priestess 


Chanter 


chantress 


Prince 


princess 


Conductor 


conductress 


Prior 


prioress 


Count 


countess 


Prophet 


prophetess 


Duks 


duchess 


Protector 


protectress 


Elector 


electress 


Shepherd 


shepherdess 


Emperor 


empress 


Songster 


songstress 


Executor 


executrix 


Tiger 


tigress 


Governor 


governess 


Traitor 


traitress 


Heir 


heiress 


Tutor 


tutoress 


Hero 


heroine 


Votary 


votaress 


Hunter 


huntress 


Widower 


widow 



3. By a noun, pronoun, or adjective, being pr& 
fixed to the substantive ; as, 

A cock-sparrow A hen-sparrow 

A man-servant A maid-servant 

A he-goat A she-goat 

A male-child A female-child 

Male-descendants Female-descendants 

Questions. — 1. What is Gender ? 2. How many are there ? 
3. Name them. 4. What does the Masculine gender denote ? 
5. Feminine ? 6. Neuter ? What gender is man ? Why ? 
Garden ? Why ? What gender may friend be called ? 
Why ? 7. What is said of some substantives naturally neu- 
ter ? Give an instance. What gender is sun, naturally ? 
Into what gender is it converted by a figure of speech ? Ship ? 
Into what is it changed ? 8. How many ways has the Eng- 
lish language of distinguishing the sex ? What is the first 
way ? Second ? Third ? 

NUMBER. 

Number is (') the consideration of an object as 
one or more. 



16 ENGLrSH GRAMMAR. 

Substantives are of ( 2 ) two numbers, ( 3 ) the Sin- 
gular and Plural. 

The Singular number expresses ( 4 ) but one ob- 
ject ; as, a chair 9 a table. 

The singular number is known ( 5 ) by its making sense with 
the word one before it ; as, one chair, one table. 

The Plural number signifies ( 6 ) more objects than 
one ; a$, chairs, tables. 

The plural number is known ( 7 ) by its making sense with 
the word two before it ; as, two chairs, two tables. 

Some nouns, ( 8 ) from the nature of the things 
which they express, are used only in the singular 
form ; as, toheat, pitch, gold, sloth, pride, &c. : and 
others only in the plural form ; as, bellows, scissors, 
lungs, riches, &c. 

Some words are the same in both numbers ; as, 
deer, sheep, swine, &c. 

The plural number of nouns is generally formed 
( 9 ) by adding s to the singular ; as, dove, doves ; 
face, faces ; thought, thoughts. But when the sub- 
stantive singular ends in x, ch, sh, or ss, we add es 
in the plural ; as, box, boxes ; church, churches ; 
lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses. 

Nouns ending in / or fe are generally rendered* 
plural by the change of those terminationsf into ves ; 
as loaf, loaves ; wife, wives. Those which end in^f 
have the regular plural ; as, cuff, cuffs. 

Such as have y in the singular, with no other 
vowel in the same syllable, change it into ies in the 
plural ; as, beauty, beauties ; fly, flies ; but the y is 
not changed when there is another vowel in the syl- 
lable ; as, key, keys ; delay, delays. 

Questions. — 1. What is Number ? 2. How many num- 
bers have nouns ? 3. What are they ? 4. What does the 
Singular number express ? 5. How is it known ? 6. What 

* Rendered — made. \ Terminations — endings. 



ETYMOLOGY. 17 

does the Plural signify ? 1. How is it known ? What num- 
ber is apples ? Why ? What number is apple ? Why ? 8r 
Why are some nouns used only in the singular and others 
only in the plural ? What nouns are used only in the plu- 
ral ? What only in the singular ? Why ? Name some 
nouns that are the same in both numbers. Is it proper to 
Bay one sheep, two sheeps, three sheeps, (fee. ? Why ? 9. How 
is the plural number of nouns generally formed ? What do 
you add to the noun face, to make it plural '? What, to box? 
Why not s only? What, to church $ Why? Lash? Why? 
Kins ? Why ? How do you make loaf plural ? Why ? 
What do you add to the noun cuff to make it plural ? Why ? 
Into what do you change y, in duty, to make it plural % 
Why ? How do you form the plural of key f Why \ 

CASE. 

In English, substantives have (') three cases, the 
Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective.* 

The Nominative case simply expresses ( 2 ) the 
name of a thing, or the subject of the verb ; as, The 
boy plays ; The girls learn. 

The Possessive case expresses ( 3 ) the relation of 
property or possession, and ( 4 ) has an apostrophe 
with the letter s coming after it ; as, The scholar's 
duty ; My father's house. 

( 6 ) When the plural ends in s, the other s is omit- 
ted, but the apostrophe is retained ; as, On ( 5 ) 
eagles' wings ; The drapers' company. 

Sometimes, also, ( 7 ) when the singular terminates 
in ss, the apostrophic s is not added ; as, For good- 
ness' sake ; For righteousness' sake. 

The Objective case expresses ( 8 ) the object of an 
action, or of a relation ; and generally follows a ( 9 ) 
transitivef verb, or a preposition ; as, John assists 
Charles ; They live in London. 

* On the propriety of this objective case, see Murray's 
Grammar, pp. 54, 55. 
f See on page 27. 

2* 



18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

English substantives are declined in the following 
manner : 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative Case, A mother. Mothers. 

Possessive Case, A mother's. Mothers'. 

Objective Case, A mother. Mothers. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative Case, The man. The men. 

Possessive Case, The man's. The men's. 

Objective Case, The man. The men. 

Questions. — 1. How many Cases have nouns in English ? 
Name them. 2. What does the Nominative case express ? 
Which words are the nominative cases in the example ? 3. 
What does the Possessive case express ? 4. How is it Avrit- 
ten ? Which are the possessive cases in the example ? Why ? 
6. How would you write the possessive case of eagles ? Dra- 
pers ? 6. Why ? How do you write goodness in the pos- 
sessive ? Righteousness f *7. Why ? 8. What does the Ob- 
jective case express ? 9. What parts of speech does it 
generally follow ? What words are the objective cases in 
the example ? Why ? Decline mother. Spell the nouns in 
each case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. 

Nouns to be declined. 

Write (or spell) in the nominative case plural the follow- 
ing nouns : apple, plum, orange, bush, tree, plant, disorder, 
novice, beginning, defeat, protuberance. 

Write the following substantives in the nominative case 
plural : cry, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, duty, boy, folly, play, 
lily, toy, convenience. 

Write the following nouns in the possessive case singular : 
boy, girl, man, woman, lake, sea, church, lass, beauty, sister, 
bee. 

Write the following in the nominative case plural : loaf, 
sheaf, self, muff, knife, stuff, wife, staff, wolf, half, calf, shelf, 
life. 

Write the following in the possessive case plural : brother, 
child, man, woman, foot, tooth, ox, mouse, goose, penny. 

Write the following nouns in the nominative and posses- 
eive cases plural : wife, chief, die, staff, city, river, proof, 
archer, master, crutch, tooth, mouth, baker, distaff. 



ETYMOLOGY. 19 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Article and Substantive. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ?* 

ARTICLE. Why ? (see p. 107.) Kind ? (see p. 107.) 
Why? 

NOUN. Why? (see p. 107.) Common or proper ? (see 
p. 107.) Why? Person? Why? Number? (see p. 107.) 
Why ? Geuder ? Why ? Spell the noun in each case. In 
what case is it found '{ 

A bush. A prince. 

A tree. The Hudson. 

A flower. The President. 

An apple. The Grocer's Co. 

An almond. America. 

A house. The pens. 

The fields. The girl's schooL 

The rainbow. The laws. 

The clouds. - Beauty. 

The scholar's duty. The continent. 

George. The Cesars. 

Note. — As the questions for parsing, in these and the ex- 
ercises that follow, are too minute to be used a long time 
without becoming tedious, it will be expedient to omit them, 
as soon as they shall have answered the object of making 
the scholar familiar with the etymological definitions. 

Repeat the preceding exercises, and parse according to 
the following 

SrECIMEN. 

A bush. 

Bush is a common noun, of the neuter gender, third per- 
son, singular number, and nominative case. 

ADJECTIVE. 

An Adjective is (') a word added to a substan- 
tive to express its quality ; as, An industrious man; 
A virtuous woman ; A benevolent mind. 

In English, the adjective is not varied on account 

* Here insert the word to be parsed. 



20 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

of gender, number, or case. Thus we say, A care- 
less boy ; Careless girls. 

The only variation which it admits is, ( 2 ) that of 
the degrees of comparison. 

There are commonly reckoned ( 3 ) three degrees of 
comparison ; ( 4 ) the Positive, Comparative, and 
Superlative. 

( 5 ) The Positive state expresses the quality of an 
object, without any increase or diminution ;* as, 
good, wise, great. 

(®) The Comparative degree increases or lessens 
the positive in signification ; as, wiser, greater, less 
wise. 

( 7 ) The Superlative degree increases or lessens 
the positive to the highest or lowest degree ; as, 
wisest, greatest, least ivise. 

The simple word, or positive, becomes the com- 
parative by adding ( 8 ) r or er ; and the superlative 
by adding ( 9 ) st or est to the end of it ; as, wise, 
wiser, wisest; great, greater, greatest. And the 
adverbs ( i0 ) more and most, placed before the adjec- 
tive, have the same effect ; as, wise, more wise, most 
wise. 

Monosyllables, for the most part, are compared 
by er or est ; and dissyllables by more and most ; 
as, mild, milder, mildest ; frugal, more frugal, most 
frugal. 

Some words, of very common use, are irregularly 
formed ; as, ( ll )good, better, best ; bad, worse, worst ; 
little, less, least ; much or many, more, most ; and 
a few others. 

Questions. — 1. What is an Adjective ? What words are 
adjectives in the example ? Why ? 2. Of what variation 
do adjectives admit ? 3. How many degrees of comparison? 
4. Repeat them. 5. What is said of the Positive state t 
6. Comparative I 1. Superlative ? Compare wise. 8. What 

* Diminution — making less. 



ETYMOLOGY. 21 

did you add to the positive to make it comparative ? 9. 
What, to form the superlative? 10. What will have the 
6ame effect ? Why is mild compared in the first way ? Why 
frugal in the second? 11. Mention some words that are 
compared in neither of these ways. Compare them. 

Adjectives to be compared. 

Compare the following adjectives: fair, grave, bright* 
long, short, tall, wild, deep, strong, poor, rich, great. 

Compare the following adjectives : amiable, moderate, 
disinterested, favorable, grateful, studious, attentive, negli- 
gent, industrious, perplexing. 

Write the following adjectives in the comparative degree : 
near, far, little, low, good, indifferent, bad, worthy, convenient. 

Write the following adjectives in the superlative degree : 
feeble, bold, good, ardent, cold, bad, base, little, strong, late. 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 

Article, Adjective, and Substantive. 

Parse the Article and Substantive agreeably to note on 
page 19. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

ADJECTIVE. Why ? (see page 107.) Compare it 
Where is it found ? 

A better world. A cheerful, good, old man. 

A good heart. Tender-looking charity. 

Shady trees. A generous friend. 

A fragrant flower. A mahogany table. 

The verdant fields. A winding canal. 

Composed thoughts. A happier life. 

The whistling winds. The sweetest incense.. 

A diligent scholar. The ivy -mantled tower. 

Fairest proposals. A fair day. 

Relentless war. A pleasing address. 

A temper unhappy. Wholesome aliment. 

Rapid streams. A free government. 

A severe winter. The noblest prospect. 

The careless ostrich. 

Repeat the preceding exercises, and parse them according 
to the following 

SPECIMEN. 

A better world. 

Better is an adjective, and is found in the comparative 
degree. 



£2 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

PRONOUNS. 

A Pronoun is ( ] ) a word used instead of a noun,* 
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same 
word ; as, The man is happy ; he is benevolent ; 
he is useful. 

There are ( 2 ) three kinds of Pronouns, viz., ( 3 ) 
the Personal, the Relative, and the Adjective 
Pronouns. 

personal pronouns. 

There are ( 4 ) five Personal Pronouns, viz. : ( 5 ) 
/, thou, he, she, it ; with their plurals, we, ye or you, 
they, and their variations of person, &c. 

Personal pronouns admit of ( 6 ) person, number, 
gender, and CASE. 

The Persons of pronouns are ( 7 ) three in each of 
the numbers, viz. : 

( 8 ) I is the first person ) 

Thou is the second person >• Singular. 

He, she, or it, is the third person ) 

We is the first person ) 

Ye or you, is the second person >• Plural. 

They is the third person ) 

( 9 ) The Numbers of pronouns, like those of sub- 
stantives, are two, the singular and the plural ; as, 
/, thou, he ; ive, ye, they. 

( ,0 ) Gender has respect only to the third person 
singular of the pronouns he, she, it. He is mascu- 
line ; she is feminine ; it is neuter. 

( n ) Pronouns have three cases, the Nominative, 
the Possessive, and the Objective. 

The objective case of a pronoun has, in general, 
a form different from that of the nominative or the 
possessive case. 

* Hence the name Pronoun. Pro is a Latin word, and 
means instead of. 



ETYMOLOGY. 



23 



The personal pronouns are thus declined : 





Singular. 


Plural. 


( Nom. 


I 




We 


\ Possess. 


My or 


mine 


Our or ours 


1 obj. 


Me 




Us 


C Nom. 
< Possess. 
1 Obj. 


Thou 




Ye or you 


Thy or 


thine 


Your or Yours 


Thee 




You 


C Nom. 


He 




They 


1 Possess. 


His 




Their or Theirs 


1 Obj. 


Him 




Them 


( Nom. 
\ Possess- 


She 




They 


Her or 


Hers 


Their or Theirs 


I Obj. 


Her 




Them 


C Nom. 


It 




They 


< Possess. 


Its 




Their or Theirs 


( Obj. 


It 




Them 



Second per. 



Third per. 
Mas. 

Third per. 
Fcm. 

Third per. 
Neuter. 



Xote. — Mine and thine, ( 12 ) instead of my and thy, were 
formerly used before a substantive or adjective beginning 
with a vowel, or a silent h ; as, Blot out all mine iniquities. 

Mine, thine, hers, and, when -similarly employed, his, with 
their plurals, ours, yours, theirs, are generally compound 
possessives, including both the possessor and the thing pos- 
sessed ; as, The knife is his ; that is, the knife is his knife. 
The book is mine ; that is, my book. 

Questions. — What is a Pronoun ? Mention the pronouns 
in the example. Instead of what are they used ? Repeat 
the example, using the nouns only. 2. How many kinds of 
pronouns \ 3. Repeat them. 4. How many Personal Pro- 
nouns '{ 5. Repeat them. 6. Of what do personal pronouns 
admit ? 7. How many persons in each number ? 8. Re- 
peat them. 9. What is said of their numbers? 10. Gen- 
der? 11. Cases? Decline the first person. Second. Third 
person masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 12. How were mine 
and thine formerly used ? 
Note. — You is employed also in the siDgular. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Relative Pronouns are ( l ) such as relate, in 
general, to some word or phrase* going before, 



* A phrase consists of several words. 



24 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 






which is thence called the antecedent;* they are ( 2 ) 
who, which, and that ; as, The man is happy, who 
lives virtuously. 

What is a kind of ( 3 ) compound relative, including both 
the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to ( 4 ) that 
which, or the thing which ; as, This is what I wanted ; that 
is to say, the thing which I wanted. 

Who is applied ( 5 ) to persons ; which, ( 6 ) to ani- 
mals and inanimate things ; as, He is a friend, who 
is faithful in adversity ; The bird, which sung so 
sweetly, is flown ; This is the tree, which produces 
no fruit. 

That, as a relative, is often used ( 7 ) to prevent 
the too frequent repetition of who or which. It is 
applied ( 8 ) to persons and things ; as, He that acts 
wisely deserves praise ; Modesty is a quality that 
highly adorns a woman. 

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined : 

SINGULAR AND PLURAL. 

Nominative, Who. 

Possessive, Whose. 

Objective, Whom. 

Who, which, and what, are called ( 9 ) Interroga- 
tives, when they are used in asking questions ; as, 
Who is he ? Which is the book ? What are you 
doing ? 

Questions. — 1. What are Relative Pronouns ? 2. Which 
are they ? Which word is the relative in the example ? To 
what does it relate ? What is man called ? 3. What kind 
of relative is what ? 4. To what is it equivalent in the ex- 
ample ? Which of these two words is the relative ? Which 
is its antecedent ? 5. To what is who applied ? 6. Which t 

* Because antecedent is derived from two Latin words 
which mean going before. 



ETYMOLOGY. 25 

Why would it not be proper to say, Friend which ? Bird 
who f Tree who ? 7. For what is that used as a relative ? 
8. To what is it applied? To what is it applied in the first 
example ? To what in the second ? What is said of who, in 
respect to number ? Decline it. 9. What are who, vjhich, 
and what, called, when they are employed in asking ques- 
tions ? What are who, which, and what in the examples ? 
Why? 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

(') Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, 
participating* the properties both of pronouns and 
adjectives. 

The adjective pronouns may be subdivided ( 2 ) 
into three sorts, namely, the Distributive, the De- 
monstrative, and the Indefinite. 

1. The Distributive are ( 3 ) those which denote the 
persons or things that make up a number, as taken 
separately and singly. They are, ( 4 ) each, every, 
either; as, Each of his brothers is in a favorable 
situation ; Every man must account for himself ; I 
have not seen either of them. 

2. The Demonstrative are ( 5 ) those which pre- 
cisely point out the subjects to which they relate : 
( 6 ) this and that, these and those, are of this class ; 
as, This is true charity, that is only its image. 

This refers ( 7 ) to the nearest person or thing, 
and that ( 8 ) to the more distant ; as, This man is 
more intelligent than that. This indicates the lat- 
ter, or last mentioned ; that, the former, or first men- 
tioned ; as, Wealth and poverty are both tempta- 
tions ; that tends to excite pride ; this, discontent. 



* Participating — partaking. 
3 






26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

3. The Indefinite are ( 9 ) those which express 
their subjects in an indefinite or general manner. 
The following are of this kind : ( l0 ) some, othef, any, 
one, all, suck, &c. 

Other is declined in the following manner ; 





Singular, 


Plural. 


Nom. 


Other. 


Others. 


Poss. 


Other's. 


Others'. 


Obj. 


Other. 


Others. 



Questions. — 1. What are Adjective Pronouns ? 2. How 
may these be subdivided ? 3. Which are the Distributive t 
4. Name them. 5. Which are the Demonstrative ? 6. 
Name them. 1. To what does this refer ? 8. That ? To 
which man does this refer in the example ? To which does 
that i What does this indicate ? That ? What does that 
indicate in the example ? This ? 9. Which are the Indefi- 
nite? 10. Name them. Decline other. Spell it in each 
case, and tell where the apostrophe is placed. 

Write the possessive singular and plural of the pronouns* 
I, thou, he, she, it, who, and other. 

Write the objective cases, singular and plural, of the pro- 
nouns, I, thou, he, she, it, and who. 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Article, Adjective, Pronoun, &c. 

Let the Verb be omitted; the Article, Adjective, and 
Noun, parsed as before. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

PRONOUN. Why? (see page 107.) Decline it. (see 
page 23.) In what person, number, gender, and case, is it 
found? 

I am sincere. We honor them. 

Thou art industrious. You encourage us. 

He is disinterested. They commend her. 

Thou dost improve. Let him consider. 

He assisted me. Know yourselves. 

You will submit. Let them advance. 

They will obey us. They may offend. 



ETYMOLOGY. 27 

Our hopes did flatter us. They may have forgotten. 

They have deceived me. I can forgive. 

Your Expectation has failed. He might surpass them. 

He had resigned himself. We could overtake him. 

We completed our journey. I would be happy. 

Their fears will detect them. Ye should repent. 

He may have deceived me. We should have considered 

Repeat the preceding exercises, and parse them according 
to the following 

SPECIMEN. 

She is disinterested. 

She is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singula! 
number, feminine gender, and nominative case. 

VERBS. 

A Verb is ( l ) a word which signifies to be, to do, 
or to suffer ; as, I am, I rule, I am ruled. 

Verbs are of ( 2 ) three kinds, ( 3 ) Active, Passive, 
and Neuter. They are also divided ( 4 ) into Regu- 
lar, Irregular, and Defective. 

Active Verbs are also divided into Transitive and 
Intransitive. 

A Transitive Verb expresses ( 5 ) action with an 
object on which that action terminates ; as, Dogs 
bite men ; Titus destroyed ( 6 ) the Temple. 

An Intransitive Verb ( 7 ) is one that simply ex- 
presses action, without an object after it ; as, The 
dog barks. 

A Verb Passive expresses ( 8 ) the receiving of an 
action, and necessarily implies ( 9 ) an object acted 
upon, and an agent by which that action is per- 
formed ; as, Abel was killed by Cain ; The Temple 
was destroyed ( 10 ) by Titus. 

Here was destroyed is ( 10 ) a passive verb, because the ob- 
ject, Temple, is acted upon by the agent, Titus. 

an Active Verb, the Nominative case acts. 
Passive Verb, the Nominative case is acted upon. 



/m j In ai 
I ' (Ina 



28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

A Verb Neuter expresses ( 12 ) neither ' action nor 
passion, but being, or a state of being ; as, I am, I 
dee]), I sit. 

Here am is ( 13 ) a neuter verb, because it does not express 
any action. 

Auxiliary or Helping Verbs are ( 14 ) those by the 
help of which the English verbs are principally con- 
jugated ; they are ( l5 ) do, be, have, shall, will, may, 
can, with their variations ; and let and must, which 
have no variation. 

To Verbs belong ( 16 ) Number, Person, Mode, and 
Tense. 

Questions. — 1. "What is a Verb ? What does rule signify ? | 
Am? Am ruled? 2. How many kinds of verbs ? 3. What 
ere they ? 4. How else are they divided ? How are Active j 
verbs also divided ? 5. What does a Transitive verb express ? j 
H. What is an Intransitive verb ? 6. What kind of a verb is 
destroyed ? Why ? On what does it act ? Bite ? On what 
does the action of biting terminate ? 8. What does the verb 
Passive express ? 9. What does it necessarily imply ? 10. 
What kind of a verb is ivas destroyed ? Why ? How is it 
acted upon ? Was killed ? Why ? How is it acted upon ? 

11. How is the Active verb distinguished from the Passive ? 

12. What does a verb Neuter express ? 13. What kind of a 
verb is am? Why? Sleep? Why? Sit? Why? 14, 
What are Auxiliary verbs ? 15. Which are they ? 16. What 
belong to verbs ? 

NUMBER AND PERSON. 

Verbs have (') two numbers, the Singular and 
the Plural ; as, I love, we love. 

In each number there are ( 2 ) three persons ; as, 

Singular. Plural. 

First Person, I love. We love. 

Second Person, Thou lovest. Ye or you love. 

Third Person, He loves. They love. 

Questions. — 1. How many Numbers 'have verbs ? 2. How 
many persons in each number ? Repeat the verb love in 
each person, singular and plural. 



ETYMOLOGY. 29 

MODES. 

Mood or Mode is (') a particular form of the 
verb, showing the manner* in which the being, ac- 
tion, or passion, is represented. 

There are ( 2 ) five modes of verbs, ( 3 ) the Indica- 
tive, the Imperative, the Potential, the Subjunc- 
tive, and the Infinitive. 

( 4 ) The Indicative Mode simply indicates or de- 
clares a thing ; as, He loves, he is loved ; or it asks 
a question ; as, Does he love ? Is he loved f 

The Imperative Mode is used ( 5 ) for commanding, 
'exhorting, entreating, or permitting; as, Depart 
I thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace. 

The Potential Mode implies ( 6 ) possibility or lib- 
erty, power, will, or obligation ; as, It may rain ; 
he may go or stay ; I can ride ; he tvould walk ; 
they should learn. 

The Subjunctive Mode represents a thing ( 7 ) un- 
der a condition, motive, wish, or supposition, &c, 
and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or 
understood, and attended by another verb ; as, I 
will respect him, though he chide me ; Were he 
good, he would be happy ; that is, if he were 
jgood. 

The Infinitive Mode expresses a thing ( s ) in a 
general and unlimited manner, without any distinc- 
tion of number or person ; as, to act, to speak, to be 
\ feared. 

The Participle is ( 9 ) a certain form of the verb ; 
and derives its name ( l0 ) from its participating, not 
only the properties of a verb, but also those of an 
adjective ; as, I am desirous of knowing him ; Ad- 



* Mode — means manner. 
3* 



30 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

mired and applauded, he became vain ; Having fin- 
ished his work, he submitted it, &c. 

There are ( ll ) three Participles, ( l2 ) the Present 
or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the Com- 
pound Perfect; as, loving, loved, having loved. 

Questions. — I. What is Mode ? 2. How many modea 
have verbs ? 3. Repeat them. 4. What is said of the In- 
dicative mode ? 5. For what is the Imperative mode used ! 
For what is depart used 1 Mind? Let? Go? 6. What 
does the Potential mode implv ? What does may rain im- 
ply ? May go $ Can ride ? Could walk ? Should learn ? 
7. How does the Subjunctive mode represent a thing f 
Which verbs are in the Subjunctive mode in the example ? 
By what conjunctions are they preceded ? By what verbs 
attended ? 8. How does the Infinitive mode express a thing ? 
9. What is the Participle ? 10. From what does it derive 
its name ? Are there any participles in your last answer ? 
What words are participles in your example? 11. How 
many participles are there ? 12. Repeat them. 



TENSES. 

Tense, being (') the distinction of time, might 
seem to admit only of the Present, Past, and Fu- 
ture ; but, to mark it more accurately, it is made to 
consist of ( 2 ) six variations, viz. ( 3 ) the Present, the 
Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the First 
and Second Future Tenses. 

The Present Tense represents the action or event 

( 4 ) as passing at the time in which it is mentioned; 
as, I rule, I am ruled ; I think ; I fear. 

The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event 

( 5 ) either as past and finished, or as remaining unfin- 
ished at a certain time past ; as, I loved her for her 
modesty and virtue ; They were traveling post when 
he met them. 

( 6 ) The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is 
past, but also conveys an allusion to the present 



ETYMOLOGY. 31 

time ; as, I have finished my letter ; I have seen the 
person that was recommended to me. 

The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing ( 7 ) not 
only as past, but also as prior to* some other point 
of time specifiedf in the sentence ; as, I had finished 
my letter before he arrived. 

The First Future Tense represents the action ( 8 ) 
as yet to come, either with, or without respect to 
the precise time when ; as, The sun will rise to- 
morrow ; I shall see them again. 

The Second Future intimates J ( 9 ) that the action 
will be fully accomplished at, or before the time 
of another future action or event ; as, I shall have 
dined at one o'clock ; The two houses will have fin- 
ished their business, when the king comes to pro- 
rogue them. 

Questions. — 1. What is Tense ? 2. Of how many varia- 
tions is it made to consist ? 3. What are they ? 4. How 
does the Present tense represent an action ? Is there any 
verb of the Present tense in your last answer ? Any par- 
ticiple ? 5. How does the Imperfect tense represent an 
action ? What verbs of this tense in your example ? 6. 
What is said of the Perfect tense ? What verbs of this 
tense in your example ? 7. How does the Pluperfect tense 
represent a thing ? What verb of this tense in your ex- 
ample ? How does it represent the action ? Before what 
point of time ? 8. How does the First Future represent an 
action ? What verb of this tense in your first example ? 
How does it represent the action ? 9. What does the Sec- 
ond Future intimate ? What verb of this tense in your ex- 
ample ? 

The Conjugation of a verb is (') the regular com- 
bination § and arrangement || of its several numbers, 
persons, modes, and tenses. 

* Prior to — before. f Specified — mentioned. 

\ Intimates — informs. § Combination — uniting. 

| A rr ang ement— placing in order. 



32 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



The Conjugation of an active verb is styled the 
active voice ; and that of a passive verb, the pas- 
sive VOICE. 

Question.— What is the conjugation of a verb ? 

The auxiliary and active verb To have is conju^a- 
ted in tne following manner : 

TO HAVE. 
Indicative Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1 Pers. (*) I have. 1. We have. 

2 Pers. Thou hast. 2. Ye or you have* 

3 Pers. He, she, or it hath 3. They have. 

or has. 



Singular. 

1. ( 2 ) I had. 

2. Thou hadst. 

3. He, &c. had 



Singular. 

1. ( 3 ) I have had. 

2. Thou hast had 

3. He has had. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Plural. 

1. We had. 

2. Ye or you had 

3. They had. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

Plural. 

1. We have had. 

2. Ye or you have had. 

3. They have had 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. ( 4 ) I had had. 1. We had had. 

2. Thou hadst had 2, Ye or you had had 

3. He had had. 3. They had had. 

FEaST FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. ( 6 ) I shall or will have. 1. We shall or will have. 

2. Thou shalt or wilt have. 2. Ye or you shall or will 

have. 

3. He shall or will have. 3. They sh all or will have. 

* In familiar language, you isempJoyed in the singular: thus : John, 
you were iate this morning. 



ETYMOLOGY. 33 

SECOND FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. ( G ) I shall have had. 1. Y\ r e shall have had. 

2. Thou wilt have had. 2. Ye or you will have had. 
8. He will have had. 3. They will have had. 

Questions. — 1. What is the first person singular of the 
Present Tense? 2. Imperfect? 3. Perfect? 4. Pluper- 
fect? 5. First Future? 6. Second Future? Repeat all 
the persons of each tense. 

Proceed in the same manner with the other modes. 



Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Have thou, or do thou 2. Have ye, or do ye or you 
have. have. 



Potential Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. C) I may or can have. 1. We may or can have. 
'2. Thou mayst or canst 2. Ye or you may or can 

have. have. 

8. He may or can have. 3. They may or can have. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. " 

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, or 

should have. should have. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldstorshouldsthave. would, or should have. 

8. He might, could, would, or 3. They might, could, would, 
should have. or should have. 

PERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can have had. 1. We may or can have had. 

2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have 
had. had. 

B. He may or can have had. 3. They may or can have had. 



34 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural 

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, 

should have had. or should have had. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have 

hove had. had. 

8. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, 

or should have had. or should have had. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. ( 3 ) If I have. 1. If we have. 

2. If thou have. 2. If ye or you have. 

3. If he have. 3. If they have * 

Repeat this mode, using one of the following conjunctions 
instead of if : viz. though, lest, whether, unless. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Present, ( 4 ) To have. Perfect, To have had. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present or active, Having. 
Perfect or passive, Had. 
Compound perfect, Having had. 

Questions— 1. What is the first person singular of the 
present tense, in the Indicative mode ? 2. Potential ? 3. 
Subjunctive ? 4. Infinitive ? 

The auxiliary and neuter verb To be is conjugated 
as follows : 

TO BE. 

Indicative Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am. 1. We are. 

2. Thou art. 2. Ye or you are. 
8. He, she, or it is. 3. They are. 

* The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mode are, in 
general, similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative 
mode. Some, however, conjugate the imperfect tense of 
verbs subjunctively ; as, f2d per. sin.], If thou loved. 






ETYMOLOGY. 35 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I was. 1- We were. 

2. Thou wast. 2. Ye or you were. 

3. He was. 3. They were. 

PERFECT TENSE, 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have been. 1. We have been. 

2. Thou hast been. 2. Ye or you have been. 

3. He hath or has been. 3. They have been. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I had been. 1. We had been. 

2. Thou hadst been. 2. Ye or you had been. 

3. He had been. 3. They had been. 

FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will be. 1. We shall or will be. 

2. Thou shalt or wilt be. 2. Ye or you shall or will be. 
8. He shall or will be. 3. They shall or will be. 

SECOND FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been. 1. We shall have been. 

2. Thou wilt have been. 2. Ye or you will have been 

3. He will have been. 3. They will have been. 

Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Be thou, or do thou be. 2. Be ye or you, or do ye be 



Potential Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can be. 1. We may or can be. 

2. Thou mayst or canst be. 2. Ye or you may or can be. 

3. He may or can be. 3. They may or can be. 



36 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



Singular. 

1. I might, could, would, or 

should be. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 
wouldst, or shouldst be. 

S. He might, could, would, 
or should be. 



Plural. 

1. We might, could, would, 

or should be. 

2. Ye or you might, could, 

would, or should be. 

3. They might, could, would, 

or should be. 



PERFECT TENSE. 



Singular. 

I may or can have been. 
Thou mayst or canst 

have been. 
He may or can have been. 



Plural. 

1. We may or can have been. 

2. Ye or you may or can have 

been. 

3. They may or can have 

been. 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 



Singular. 

1. I might, could, would, or 

should have been. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 

wouidst, or shouldst 
have been. 
8. He* might, could, would, 
or should have been. 



Plural. 

1. We might, could, would, 

or should have been. 

2. Ye or you might, could, 

would, or should have 
been. 

3. They might, could, would. 

or should have been. 



Subjunctive Mode. 



PRESENT TENSE. 



Singular. 

1. If I be. 

2. If thou be. 

3. If he be. 



PluraL 

1. If we be. 

2. If ye or you be. 

3. If they be 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Plural. 

1. If we were. 

2. If ye or you were. 

3. If they were. 

The remaining tenses of this mode are, in general, similar 
to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mode. 

Infinitive Mode. 



Singular, 

1. If I were. 

2. If thou wert. 
S. If he were. 



Present, To be. 



Perfect, To have been. 



ETYMOLOGY. 37 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, Being. Perfect, Been. 

Compound Perfect, Having been. 

Repeat the First Person Singular of all the tenses in each 
of the modes in their order. 

Of the Conjugation of Regular Verbs. 

ACTIVE. 

Verbs active are called Regular, ( l ) when they 
form their imperfect tense of the indicative mode, 
and their perfect participle by adding to the verb 
ed, or d only, when the verb ends in e ; as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. 

I favor. I favored. Favored. 

I love. I loved. Loved. 

Questions. — 1. When are verbs active called regular? Is 
favor a regular verb ? Why ? 

A Regular Active Yerb is conjugated in the fol- 
lowing manner : 

TO LOVE. 
Indicative Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I love. 1. We love. 

2. Thou lovest. [loves. 2. Ye or you love. 

3. He, she, or it loveth or 3. They love. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I loved. 1. We loved. 

2. Thou lovedst. 2. Ye or you loved. 

3. He loved. 3. They loved. 

PERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. 1 have loved. 1. We have loved. 

2. Thou hast loved. 2. Ye or you have loved. 
8. He hath or has loved. 3. They have loved. 

4 



38 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular, Plural. 

1. I had loved. 1. We had loved. 

2. Thou hadst loved. 2. Ye or you had loved. 

3. He had loved. 3. They had loved. 

FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will love. 1. We shall or will love. 

2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. Ye or you shall or will love. 

3. He shall or will love. 3. They shall or will love. 

SECOND FUT'JRE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have loved. 1. We shall have loved. 

2. Thou wilt have loved. 2. Ye or you shall have loved 

3. He will have loved. 3. They will have loved. 

Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Love thou, or do thou 2. Love ye or you, or do ye 
love. love. 

Potential Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can love. 1. We may or can love. 

2. Thou mayst or canst love. 2. Ye or you may or can love. 

3. He may or can love. 3. They may or can love. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, or 

should love. should love. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst love. would, or should love. 

3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, 

or should love. or should love. 

PERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can have loved. 1. We may or can have loved. 

2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have 

loved. loved. 

3. He may or can have loved. 3. They may or can have loved. 






ETYMOLOGY. 39 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1 I might, could, would, or 1. "We might, could, would, or 
should have loved. should have loved. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have 

have loved. loved. 

3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, 

or should have loved. or should have loved. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I love. 1. If we love. 

2. If thou love. 2. If ye or you love. 

3. If he love. 3. If they love. 

The remaining tenses of this mode are, in general, similar 
to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mode. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Present To love. Perfect, To have loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, Loving. Perfect, Loved. 

Compound Perfect, Having loved. 

PASSIVE. 

Verbs passive are called regular, (*) when they 
form their perfect participle by the addition of d, or 
ed, to the verb ; as, from the verb To love, is formed 
the passive, / am loved, I was loved, I shall be 
loved, &c. 

A Passive Verb is conjugated ( 2 ) by adding the 
perfect participle to the auxiliary to be, through all 
its changes of number, person, mode, and tense, in 
the following manner. 

Questions. — 1. When is a verb passive called regular ? 
2. How is the passive verb conjugated ? 



40 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

TO BE LOVED. 
Indicative Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I am loved. 1. We are loved. 

2. Thou art loved. 2. Ye or you are loved 

3. He is loved 3. They are loved. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular Plural. 

1. I was loved. 1. We were loved. 

2. Thou wast loved 2. Ye or you were loved. 

3. He was loved. 3. They were loved. 

PERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I have been loved. 1. We have been loved. 

2. Thou hast been loved. 2. Ye or you have been loved. 

3. He hath or has been 3. They have been loved. 

loved. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I had been loved. 1. We had been loved. 

2. Thou hadst been loved. 2. Ye or you had been loved. 

3. He had been loved. 3. They had been loved. 

FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall or will be loved. 1. We shall or will be loved. 

2. Thou shalt or wilt be 2. Ye or you shall or will be 

loved. loved. 

3. He shall or will be loved. 3. They shall or will be loved. 



SECOND FUTURE TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I shall have been loved. 1. We shall have been loved. 

2. Thou wilt have been 2. Ye or you will have been 

loved. loved. 

3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved. 



ETYMOLOGY. 41 

Imperative Mode. 

Singular. Plural. 

2. Be thou loved, or do thou 2. Be ye or you loved, or do 
be loved. ye be loved. 

Potential Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can be loved. 1. We may or can be loved. 

2. Thou mayst or canst be 2. Ye or you may or can be 

loved. loved. 

3. He may or can be loved. 3. They may or can be loved. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. s Plural. 

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, coold, would, or 

should be loved. should be loved. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst be would, or should be 

loved. loved. 

3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, 

or should be loved. or should be loved. 



PERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I may or can have been 1. We may or can have been 
loved. loved. 

2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can 
been loved. have been loved. 

3. He may or can have been 3. They may or can have been 
loved. loved. 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would, 

should have been loved. or should have been 

loved. 

2. Thou mightst, couldst, 2. Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have 

have been loved. been loved. 

3. He might, could, would, 3. They might, could, would, 

or should have been or should have been 

loved. loved. 

4* 



42 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

PRESENT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I be loved. 1. If we be loved. 

2. If thou be loved. 2. If ye or you be loved. 

3. If lie be loved. 3. If they be loved. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 
Singular. Plural. 

1. If I were loved. 1. If we were loved. 

2. If thou wert loved. 2. If ye or you were loved. 

3. If he were loved. 3. If they were loved. 

The remaining tenses of this mode are, in general, similar 
to the correspondent tenses of the indicative mode. 

Infinitive Mode. 
Present, To be loved. Perfect, To have been loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, Being loved. Perfect, Been loved. 

Compound perfect, Having been loved. 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Irregular Verbs are (*) those which do not form 
their imperfect tense and their perfect participle by 
the addition of d or ed to the verb ; as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perf. or Pass. Part. 

I begin. I began. Begun. 

I know. I knew. Known. 

Irregular verbs are of ( 2 ) various sorts : 

1. ( 3 ) Such as have the present and imperfect 
tenses and perfect participle the same ; as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. 

Cost cost cost 

Put put put. 

2. ( 4 ) Such as have the imperfect tense and per- 
fect participle the same ; as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. 

Abide abode abode 

Sell sold sold. 



ETYMOLOGY. 



43 



3. ( 5 ) Such as have the imperfect tense and per- 
fect participle different ; as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. 

Arise arose 

Blow blew 



arisen 
blown. 



having 


• abode 
been 


K 

« 


arisen 
awaked 



Questions. — 1. What are Irregular Verbs ? What kind 
of a verb is begin ? Why ? What kind is love t (See p. 
37.) Why ? Know ? Why ? 2. How many sorts of irreg- 
ular verbs ? 3. Describe the first sort. 4. The second. 5. 
The third. Repeat the present, the imperfect, and the per- 
fect tenses, present, and compound perfect participles, of the 
following verbs. 

The following list of the irregular verbs will be 
found both comprehensive and accurate : 

Present. Imperfect. Perf. Part. Pres. Part. Comp. Perf. 

Abide abode abode abiding 

Am was been being 

Arise arose arisen arising 
Awake awoke r. awaked awaking 
Bear, to ) 

bring V bare born 

forth ) 

Bear ^°|.bore borne 

carry j 

Beat beat \ {«*« 

Begin began begun 

Bend bent bent 

Bereave bereft r. bereft r. bereaving 

Beseech besought besought beseeching 

Bid bade bid bidden 

Bind bound bound binding 

j bitten 

| bit 
bled 
blown 



bearing 

bearing 

> beating 

beginning 
bending 



born 



Bite 



bu {«?" }*** 

Bleed bled bled bleeding 

Blow blew blown blowing 

Break broke broken breaking 

Breed bred bred breeding 

Bring brought brought bringing 

Build built built building 

Burst burst burst bursting 

Buy bought bought buying 

Cast cast cast casting 



borne 

beaten 

begun 

bent 

bereft r. 

besought 

bid 

bound 

bitten 

bled 

blown 

broke 

bred 

brought 

built 

burst 

bought 

cast 



44 

Present. 


Imperfect. 


ENGLISH GRAMMAI 
Perf. Part. Pres. Part. 


Comp. Perf. 


Catch 


caught i 


.. caught r. catching 


having caught r. 


Chide 


chid 


j chidden 
Ichid 


y chiding 
choosing 


a 


chidden 


Choose 


chose 


V 

chosen 


a 


chosen 


Cleave, 


\ 










to stick, 


> REGULAR 










adhere 


J 










Cleave, 
to split 


\ clove, or 
\ cleft 


) cleft 
j clove 


[■ cleaving 


« 


, cleft 


Cling 


clung 


clung 


clinging 


u 


clung 


Clothe 


clothed 


clad r. 


clothing 


it 


clad r. 


Come 


came 


come 


coming 


u 


come 


Crow 


crew r. 


crowed 


crowing 


tt 


crowed 


Creep 


crept 


crept 


creeping 


a 


crept 


Cut 


cut 


cut 


cutting 


a 


cut 


Dare, to 

venture 


[• durst 
dealt 


dared 


daring 


a 


dared 


Deal 


dealt r. 


dealing 


a 


dealt r. 


Dig 


dugR. 


dug R. 


digging 


a 


dugR. 


Do 


did 


done 


doing 


(C 


done 


Draw 


drew 


drawn 


drawing 


(C 


drawn 


Drive 


drove 


driven 


driving 


u 


driven 


Drink 


drank 


drunk 


drinking 


li 


drunk 


Dwell 


dwelt r. 


dwelt r. 


dwelling 


a 


dwelt r. 


Eat 


eat, or ate eaten 


eating 


u 


eaten 


Fall 


fell 


fallen 


falling 


u 


fallen 


Feed 


fed 


fed 


feeding 


a 


fed 


Feel 


felt 


felt 


feeling 


H 


felt 


Fight 


fought 


fought 


fighting 


a 


fought 


Find 


found 


found 


finding 


a 


found 


Flee 


fled 


fled 


fleeing 


u 


fled 


Fling 


flung 


flung 


flinging 


u 


flung 


Fly 


flew 


flown 


flying 


u 


flown 


Forsake 


forsook 


forsaken 


forsaking 


u 


forsaken 


Freeze 


froze 


frozen 


freezing 


u 


frozen 


Get 


got 


got 


getting 


u 


got 


Gild 


gilt r. 


gilt r. 


gilding 


a 


gilt r. 


Gird 


girt r. 


girt r. 


girding 


H 


girt r. 


Give 


gave 


gjiven 


giving 


a 


given 


Go 


went 


gone 


going 


u 


gone 


Grave 


graved 


graven 


graving 


a 


graven 


Grind 


ground 


ground 


grinding 


u 


ground 


Grow 


grew 


grown 


growing 


u 


grown 


Have 


had 


had 


having 


« 


had 







ETYMOLOGY. 




1 


| Present. 


Imperfect. 


Perf. Part. Pres. Part. 


Comp. Perf. 


Hang 


hung r. 


hung R. 


hanging 


having hung r. 


Hear 


heard 


heard 


hearing 


U 


heard 


Hew 


hewed 


hewn r. 


hewing 


M 


hewn r. 


Hide 


hid 


j hidden 
{hid 
hit 


(•hiding 


« 


hidden 


Hit 


hit 


hitting 


U 


hit 


Hold 


held 


held 


holding 


U 


held 


Keep 


kept 


kept 


keeping 


u 


kept 


Knit 


knit r. 


knit r. 


knitting 


« 


knit r. 


Know 


knew 


known 


knowing 


a 


known 


Lade 


laded 


laden 


lading 


u 


laden 


Lay 


laid 


laid 


laying 


u 


laid 


Lead 


led 


led 


leading 


« 


led 


Leave 


left 


left 


leaving 


« 


left 


Lend 


lent 


lent 


lending 


« 


lent 


Let 


let 


let 


letting 


u 


let 


Lie, to 
lie down 


.flay 


lain 


lying 


« 


lain 


Load 


loaded 


laden r. 


loading 


M 


laden r. 


Lose 


lost 


lost 


losing 


« 


lost 


Make 


made 


made 


making 


« 


made 


Meet 


met 


met 


meeting 


a 


met 


Mow 


mowed 


mown r 


. mowing 


a 


mown r 


Pay 


paid 


paid 


paying 


u 


paid 


Put 


put 


put 


putting 


a 


put 


Read 


read 


read 


reading 


u 


read 


Rend 


rent 


rent 


rending 


u 


rent 


Rid 


rid 


rid 


ridding 


(I 


rid 


Ride 


rode 


j rode, or 
( ridden 


!• riding 


u 


rode 


Ring 


(rung 
(rang 


j-rung 


ringing 


(I 


rung 


Rise 


rose 


risen 


rising 


u 


risen 


Rive 


rived 


riven 


riving 


u 


riven 


Run 


ran 


run 


running 


li 


run 


Saw 


sawed 


sawn r. 


sawing 


a 


sawn r. 


Say 


said 


said 


saying 


u 


said 


See 


saw 


seen 


seeing 


a 


seen 


Seek 


sought 


sought 


seeking 


u 


sought 


SeU 


sold 


sold 


selling 


a 


sold 


Send 


sent 


sent 


sending 


u 


sent 


Set 


set 


set 


setting 


« 


set 


Shake 


shook 


shaken 


shaking 


H 


shaken 



45 



46 

Present. Imperfect. 
Shape 

Shave 

Shear 

Shed 

Shine 

Show 

Shoe 

Shoot 

Shrink 

Shred 

Shut 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Sing 

Sit 

Slay 

Sleep 

Slide 

Sling 

Slink 

Slit 

Smite 

Sow 

Speak 

Speed 

Spend 

Spill 

Spin 

Spread 

Spring 

Stand 
Steal 
Stick 
Sting 

Stride 

Strike 
String 
Strive 
Swear 
Sweat 
Swell 



shaped 

shaved 

sheared 

shed 

shone r. 

showed 

shod 

shot 

shrunk 

shred 

shut 

sung 

sang 

sat 

slew 

slept 

slid 

slung 

slunk 



Perf. Part. Pres. Part. 

j shaped ) , . 

/shapen \&*png 
shaven r, shaving 
shorn shearing 
shed shedding 

shone r. 



slit R. 

smote 
sowed 
spoke 
sped 
spent 
spilt R. 
spun 
spread 
( sprung 
( sprang 
stood 
stole 
stuck 
stung 
strode 
strid 
struck 
strung 
strove 
swore 
sweat r. 
swelled 



shown 

shod 

shot 

shrunk 

shred 

shut 



( strode ) 
{ strid | 



j-sung 

sat 

slain 

slept 

slidden 

slung 

slunk 
( slit, or 
( slitted 
smitten 
sownR. 
spoken 
sped 
spent 
spilt R. 
spun 
spread 

j- sprung 

stood 
stolen 
stuck 
stung 

stridden 

stricken 

strung 

striven 

sworn 

sweat r. 

swollen r. swelling 



shining 

showing 

shoeing 

shooting 

slirinking 

shredding 

shutting 

singing 

sitting 

slaying 

sleeping 

sh'ding 

slinging 

slinking 

J- slitting 

smiting 

sowing 

speaking 

speeding 

spending 

spilling 

spinning 

spreading 

springing 

standing 
stealing 
sticking 
stinging 

striding 

striking 

stringing 

striving 

swearing 

sweating 



Comp. Perf. 
having shaped 

shaven r. 

shorn 

shed 

shone r. 

shown 

shod 

shot 

shrunk. 

shred 

shut 

sung 

sat 

slain 

slept 

slidden 

slung 

slunk 

slit 

smitten 
sown r. 
spoken 
sped 
spent 
spilt R. 
spun 
spread 

sprung 

stood 
stolen 
stuck 
stung 

stridden 

stricken 
strung 
striven 
sworn 
sweat r. 
swollen r. 







ETYMOLOGY 




4 


Present. 


Imperfect. 


Perf. Part. 


Pres. Part. 


Comp. Perf. 


Swim 


( swam 
( swum 


(■swum 


swimming 


having swum 


Swing 


swung 


swung 


swinging 


a 


swung 


Take 


took 


taken 


taking 


c< 


taken 


Tear 


tore 


torn 


tearing 


u 


torn 


Tell 


told 


told 


telling 


u 


told 


Think 


thought 


thought 


thinking 


u 


thought 


Thrive 


throve e 


. thriven 


thriving 


K 


thriven 


Throw 


threw 


thrown 


throwing 


a 


thrown 


Thrust 


thrust 


thrust 


thrusting 


u 


thrust 


Tread 


trod 


trodden 


treading 


U 


trodden 


Wax 


waxed 


waxen r 


, waxing 


CI 


waxen r 


Wear 


wore 


worn 


wearing 


u 


worn 


Weave 


wove 


woven 


weaving 


u 


woven 


Weep 


wept 


wept 


weeping 


u 


wept 


Win 


won 


won 


winning 


(t 


won 


Wind 


wound 


wound 


winding 


a 


wound 


Wring 


wrung 


wrung 


wringing 


a 


wrung 


Write 


wrote 


written 


writing 


« 


written 



The verbs which (*) are conjugated regularly, as well as 
irregularly, are marked with an r. Those preterits and par- 
ticiples, which are first mentioned in the list, seem to be the 
most eligible. 

The number of verbs now used in the English language is 
about 4,300 ; 4,123 regular, and 1*77 irregular. The number 
of English words is said to be about 35,000. 

Question. — 1. What is said of those verbs marked r ? 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Defective Verbs are (*) those which are used only 
in some of their modes and tenses ; as, am, was, 
been; can, could; may, might ; shall, should ; will, 
would, &c. 

Question. — 1. What are Defective Yerbs ? 

Verbs to be conjugated. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the indicative mode, pres- 
ent tense ; beat, gain, read, eat, walk, desire, interpose. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the potential mode, im- 
perfect tense ; fear, hope, dream, fly, consent, improve, con- 
trovert. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the subjunctive mode, 



48 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

perfect tense ; drive, prepare, starve, omit, indulge, demon- 
strate. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the imperative mode 
believe, depart, invent, give, abolish, contrive. 

Write the following verbs in the infinitive mode, present 
and perfect tenses ; grow, decrease, live, prosper, separate, 
incommode. 

Write the present, perfect, and compound participles of 
the following verbs ; confess, disturb, please, know, begin, sit, 
set, eat, lie. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the indicative mode, pres- 
ent and perfect tenses of the passive voice ; honor, abase, 
amuse, slight, enlighten, displease, envelop, bereave. 

Conjugate the following verbs in the indicative mode, plu- 
perfect and first future tenses ; fly, contrive, know, devise, 
choose, come, see, go, eat, grow, bring, forsake. 

Write the following verbs in the present ar,d pluperfect 
tenses of the potential and subjunctive modes ; know, shake, 
heat, keep, give, blow, bestow, beseech. 

Write the following verbs in the indicative mode, imperfect 
and second future tenses of the passive voice ; slay, draw, 
crown, throw, defeat, grind, hear, divert. 

Write the following verbs in the second and third persons 
singular of all the tenses in the indicative and subjunctive 
modes ; approve, condemn, mourn, freeze, know, arise, drive, 
blow, investigate. 

Form the following verbs in the infinitive and imperative 
modes, with then participles, all in the passive voice ; em- 
brace, draw, defeat, smite. 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Pronoun, Verb, Noun, &c. — continued. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

VERB. Why ? (see p. 11.) Active, Passive, or Neuter ? 
Why ? (see p. 27.) Repeat the present and the imperfect 
tenses, the perfect, present, and compound perfect partici- 
ples. — Is it Regular, Irregular, or Defective ? (see p. 37.) 
Why ? Repeat this person, in all the tenses of this mode, 
till you find it. In what Mode, Tense, Person, and Number 
is it found ? 

Hope animates us. It can be enlarged. 

He will have determined. To have been admired availed 
We shall have agreed. him little. 

Do you instruct him. Being reviled, we bless. 






ETYMOLOGY. 49 

Prepare your lessons. Ridiculed, persecuted, de- 
He lives respected. spised, he maintained his 
Having resigned his office, principles. 

he retired. Having been deserted, he be- 
They are discouraged. came discouraged. 

He was condemned. You may discover them, 

"We have been rewarded. He might convince us. 

She had been admired. It would be caressed. 

Virtue will be rewarded. I may have been deceived. 

Let him be animated. To live well is honorable. 

To have conquered himself, Who can preserve himself ? 

was his highest praise. Whom have we served ? 

They honor us. Such is our condition. 

They searched the rooms. All have a talent to improve. 

Repeat the preceding exercises, and parse them according 
to the following 

SPECIMEN. 

Hope animates us. 

Animates is a regular transitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, third person, singular number. 

ADVERB. 

An Adverb is ( [ ) a part of speech joined to a 
verb, an adjective, or, sometimes, to another adverb, 
( 2 ) to express some quality or circumstance respect- 
ing it ; as, He reads well ; A truly good man ; He 
writes very correctly. 

Some adverbs are compared thus ; ( 3 ) Soon, 
sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest. 

Those ending in ly, are compared ( 4 ) by more and 
most ; as, Wisely, more wisely, most wisely. 

The phrases, in fine, in vain, at least, at most, &c, 
are used adverbially, and called adverbial phrases. 

Adverbs, though very numerous, may be reduced to cer- 
tain classes : — 
Of number ; as, once, twice, thrice, &c. 
Of order ; as, first, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, 

finally, <fec. 
Of place ; as, here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, some- 
where, nowhere, herein, whither, hither, thither, upward, 

5 



50 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

downward, forward, backward, whence, hence, thence ? 
whithersoever, (fee. 

Of time : — 

Of time present ; as, now, to-day, (fee. 

Of time past ; as, already, before, lately, yesterday, nereto- 
fore, hitherto, long since, long ago, (fee. 

Of time to come ; as, to-morrow, not yet, hereafter, hence- 
forth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, im- 
mediately, straightway, (fee. 

Of time indefinite ; as, oft, often, oft-times, oftentimes, some- 
time, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, always, when, 
ever, never, again, (fee. 

Of quantity ; as, much, little, sufficiently, how much, how 
great, enough, abundantly, ic. 

Of manner or quality ; as, wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, 
quickly, slowly, (fee. Adverbs of quality are the most 
numerous kind ; and they are generally formed by adding 
the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or chang- 
ing le into ly ; as, bad, badly ; cheerful, cheerfully ; able, 
ably ; admirable, admirably. 

Of doubt ; as, perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance. 

Of affirmation; as, verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, 
certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really, (fee. 

Of negation ; as, nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no 
wise, (fee. 

Of interrogation ; as, how, why, wherefore, whether, (fee. 

Of comparison ; as, more, most, better, best, worse, worst, 
less, least, very, almost, little, alike, (fee. 

Questions. — 1. What is an Adverb? What adverb in 
your first example ? To what is "it joined ? 2. For what 
purpose ? What in the second example ? What two in the 
third ? 3. How is soon compared ? 4. How are those com- 
pared which end in ly ? Repeat the adverbs of Number. 
Order. Place. Time present. Time past. Time to come. 
Time indefinite. Quantity. Manner or Quality. Doubt, 
Affirmation. Negation. Interrogation. Comparison, 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 

Adverb, &c. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

ADVERB. Of what class ? 

I have seen him once, per- We often resolve, but seldom 
haps twice. perform. 



ETYMOLOGY. 



Thirdly, and lastly, I shall 

conclude. 
This plant is found here and 

elsewhere. 
Only to-day is properly 

ours. 
From virtue to vice, the 

progress is gradual. 



"We are wisely and happily 

directed. 
How sweetly the birds sing. - 
Why art thou so heedless ? 
When will they arrive ? 
Where shall we stop ? 
Mentally and bodily, we are 

curiously and wonderfully 

formed. 



SPECIMEN. 

I have seen him once, perhaps twice. 
Once is an adverb of number. 
Perhaps is an adverb of doubt. 

PREPOSITION". 

Prepositions serve ( J ) to connect words with one 
another, and to show the relation between them. 
They are for the most part set ( 2 ) before nouns 
and pronouns ; as, He went from London to York ; 
She is above disguise ; They are supported by in- 
dustry. 

The following is a list of the principal preposi- 
tions : 



Of 


into 


above 


at 


off 


to 


within 


below 


near 


on or upon 


for 


without 


between 


up 


among 


by 


over 


beneath 


down 


after 


with 


under 


from 


before 


about 


in 


through 


beyond 


behind 


against 



Questions. — 1. For what do Prepositions serve ? 2. Where 
are they for the most part set ? What Prepositions in your 
first example ? Between what do they show the relation ? 
Before what parts of speech are they placed ? What, in the 
second example ? The third ? Repeat the list. 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Prepositions, &c. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

PREPOSITION. Why? (see p. 11.) 
We in vain look for a path By diligence and frugality 
between virtue and vice. we arrive at competence. 



52 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

He lives within his income. Of his talents much might 

The house was sold at a be said ; concerning his in- 
great price, and above its tegrity, nothing, 
value. By this imprudence, he was 

She came down stairs slow- plunged into new difficul- 
ty, but went briskly up ties, 
again. We are often below our 

Some things make for him, wishes, and above our de- 
others against him. serts. 

COMUJSTCTIOK 

A Conjunction is ( ! ) a part of speech that is 
chiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two 
or more sentences, to make but one. ( 2 ) It some- 
times connects only words. 

Conjunctions are principally divided ( 3 ) into two 
sorts, the copulative and disjunctive. 

The Conjunction Copulative serves ( 4 ) to connect 
or continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a 
supposition, or cause, &c. ; as, He and his brother 
reside in London ; I will go if he will accompany 
me ; You are happy because you are good. 

The Conjunction Disjunctive serves ( 5 ) not only 
to connect and continue the sentence, but also to ex- 
press opposition of meaning in different degrees ; as, 
Though he was frequently reproved, yet he did not 
reform ; They came with her, but went away with- 
out her. 

The following is a list of the principal conjunc- 
tions : 
The Copulative. •■ ( 6 ) And, that, both, for, therefore, if, then, 

since, because, wherefore. 
The Disjunctive. ( 7 ) But, then, though, either, or, as, unless, 

neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding. 

Questions. — 1. What is a Conjunction? 2. Does it al- 
ways connect sentences ? 3. How are they divided ? 4. 
For what does the conjunction copulative serve? What 
conjunction in your first example? Does it connect words, 
or sentences ? What does it express ? What does the 



ETYMOLOGY. 



53 



conjunction express in the second example ? What in 
the third ? 5. For what does the conjunction disjunc- 
tive serve ? "What conjunction in your first example ? What, 
in the second ? In which example is the greatest degree of 
opposition expressed ? 6. Repeat the list of Copulative Con- 
junctions. 7. The Disjunctive. 



EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Conjunction, <fcc. 



Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

CONJUNCTION. Why? (see p. 12.) What kind? Why? 



We ought to be thankful, 
for we have received 
much. 

Though he is often advised, 
yet he does not reform. 

Reproof either softens or 
hardens its object. 

His father and mother and 
uncle reside at Rome. 

We must be temperate, if 
we would be healthy. 

If he were encouraged, he 
would amend. 

Though he condemn me, I 
will respect him. 

Their talents are more bril- 
liant than useful. 

Notwithstanding his pover- 
ty, he is a wise and wor- 
thy person. 

He will be detected, though 
he deny the fact. 



If our desires are moderate, 
our wants will be few. 

Neither prosperity, nor ad- 
versity, has improved him. 

He is as old as his classmate, 
but not so learned. 

Charles is esteemed, because 
he is both discreet and be- 
nevolent. 

He retires to rest soon, that 
he may rise early. 

She will transgress, unless she 
be admonished. 

He can acquire no virtue, un- 
less he make some sacri- 
fices. 

Let him that standeth take 
heed lest he fall. 

If thou wert his superior, thou 
shouldst not have boasted. 

If he has promised, he should 
act accordingly. 



INTERJECTION. 

Interjections or Exclamations are (') words 
used to express some sudden passion or emotion 
of the speaker ; as, Oh ! I have alienated my friend ; 
Alas ! I fear for life ; 0, virtue ! how amiable thou 
art! 

5* 



54 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



The following are some of the Interjections. ! 
pish ! heigh ! To ! behold ! ah ! tush ! fie ! hush ! 
hail! 

Questions. — 1. What are Interjections or Exclamations? 
Which are the interjections in the examples ? Repeat the 
interjections that follow. 

EXERCISES IN PARSING. 
Interjections, &c. 

Questions. — What part of speech is ? 

INTERJECTION. Why ? (see p. 108.) 

0, peace ! how desirable art Hail ! simplicity, 

thou! 
I have been often occupied, 

alas ! with trifles. 
Strange ! that we should be 

so infatuated. 
Oh ! the humiliations to 

which vice reduces us. 
Ah ! the delusions of hope. 



source of 
genuine joy. 

Behold ! how pleasant it is for 
brethren to dwell together 
in unity. 

Welcome again ! my long-lost 
friend. 

Hark ! how sweetly the wood- 
lark sings ! 



A few Instances of the same Words constituting several of the 
Parts of Speech, 



Calm was the day, and the 
scene delightful. 

We may expect a calm af- 
ter a storm. 

To prevent passion is easier 
than to calm it. 

Better is a little with con- 
tent than a great deal 
with anxiety. 

The gay and dissolute think 
little of the miseries 
which are stealing softly 
after them. 

A little attention will rectify 
some errors. 

Though he is out of danger, 
he is still afraid. 

He labored to still the tu- 
mult. 



Still waters are commonly 

deepest. 
Damp air is unwholesome. 
Guilt often casts a damp over 

our sprightliest hours. 
Soft bodies damp the sound 

much more than hard ones. 
Though she is rich and fair, 

yet she is not amiable. 
They are yet young, and must 

suspend their judgment yet 

awhile. 
Many persons are better than 

we suppose them to be. 
The few and the many have 

their prepossessions. 
Few days pass without some 

clouds. 
Much money is corrupting. 



ETYMOLOGY. 



55 



Think much, and speak lit- 
tle. 

He has seen much of the 
world, and been much 
caressed. 

His years are more than 
hers, but he has not more 
knowledge. 

The more we are blessed, 
the more grateful we 
should be. 

The desire of getting more 
is rarely satisfied. 

He has equal knowledge, 
but inferior judgment. 

She is his inferior in sense, 
but his equal in prudence. 

We must make a like space 
between the lines. 

Every being loves its like. 

We are too apt to like per- 
nicious company. 



Behave yourselves like men. 

He may go or stay, as he 
likes. 

They strive to learn. 

He goes to and fro. 

To his wisdom we owe our 
privilege. 

The proportion is ten to one. 

He served them with his ut- 
most ability. 

When we do our utmost, no 
more is required. 

I will submit, for submission 
brings peace. 

It is for our health to be tem- 
perate. 

! for better times. 

1 have a regard for him. 

He is esteemed, both on his 
own account, and on that of 
his parents. 

Both of them deserve praise. 



Promiscuous Exercises in Etymological Parsing 

In your whole behavior, be humble and obliging. 

Virtue is the universal charm. 

True politeness has its seat in the heart. 

We should endeavor to please, rather than to shine and 
dazzle. 

Opportunities occur daily for strengthening, in ourselves, 
the habits of virtue. 

Compassion prompts us to relieve the wants of others. 

A good mind is unwilling to give pain to either man or 
beast. 

Peevishness and passion often produce, from trifles, the 
most serious mischiefs. 

Discontent often nourishes passions equally malignant in 
the cottage and in the palace. 

A great proportion of human evils is created by ourselves. 

A passion for revenge has always been considered as the 
mark of a little and mean mind. 

If greatness flatters our vanity, it multiplies our dangers. 

To our own failings we are commonly blind. 



56 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

The friendships of young persons are often founded on 
capricious likings. In your youthful amusement, let no un- 
fairness be found. 

Engrave on your minds this sacred rule : 

" Do unto others as you wish that they should do unto you." 

Truth and candor possess a powerful charm ; they bespeak 
universal favor. 

After the first departure from sincerity, it is seldom in our 
power to stop : one artifice generally leads on to another. 

Temper the vivacity of youth with a proper mixture of 
serious thought. 

The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and cheerful. 

Let no compliance with the intemperate mirth of others 
ever betray you into profane sallies. 

In preparing for another world, we must not neglect the 
duties of this life. 

The manner in which we employ our present time may 
decide our future happiness or misery. 

Happiness does not grow up of its own accord : it is the 
fruit of long cultivation, and the acquisition of labor and care. 

OF DERIVATION. 

Words are derived from one another ( l ) in various 
ways, viz. 

1. ( 2 ) Substantives are derived from verbs ; as, 
from to love, comes lover. 

2. ( 3 ) Yerbs are derived from substantives, ad- 
jectives, and sometimes from adverbs ; as, from salt, 
comes to salt ; from warm, comes to warm ; from 
forward, comes to forward. 

3. ( 4 ) Adjectives are derived from substantives ; 
as, from health, comes healthy. 

4. ( 5 ) Substantives are derived from adjectives ; 
as, from white, comes whiteness. 

5. ( 6 ) Adverbs are derived from adjectives ; as, 
from base, comes basely. 



SYNTAX. 57 

Questions. — 1. How are words derived from one another ? 
2. Describe the first way. 3. The second. 4. The third. 
5. Fourth. 6. Fifth. 



SYNTAX. 



The third part of Grammar is Syntax, which 
treats of (*) the agreement and construction of words 
in a sentence. 

A sentence is ( 2 ) an assemblage of words, form- 
ing a ^complete sense. 

Sentences are of ( 3 ) two kinds, Simple and Com- 
pound. 

A simple sentence has in it ( 4 ) but one subject, 
and one finite verb ; as, Life is short. 

A compound sentence contains ( 5 ) two or more 
simple sentences, joined together by one or more 
connective words ; as, Life is short, and art is long. 

A phrase is ( 6 ) two or more words rightly put 
together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and 
sometimes a whole sentence. 

The principal parts of a simple sentence are, ( 7 ) 
the subject, the attribute, and the object. 

The subject is ( 8 ) the thing chiefly spoken of; the 
attribute is ( 9 ) the thing or action affirmed, or denied 
of it; and the object is ( 10 ) the thing affected by 
such action. 

The nominative denotes the subject, and usually 
goes before the verb or attribute ; and the word or 
phrase denoting the object follows the verb ; as, A 
wise man governs his passions. Here man is the 
subject ; governs, the attribute, or thing affirmed ; 
and passions, the object. 

Syntax principally consists of two parts, ( u ) Con- 
cord and Government. 



58 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE I. 

Concord is ( 12 ) the agreement which one word 
has with another, in gender, number, case, or per- 
son. 

Government is ( 13 ) that power which one part of 
speech has over another, in directing its mode, tense, 
or case. 

Questions. — 1. Of what does Syntax treat ? 2. "What is 
a Sentence ? 3. How many kinds ? 4. What has a Simple 
sentence in it ? Which word denotes the subject, in the ex- 
ample ? Which the Verb ? 5. What does a Compound 
sentence contain ? What twc simple sentences form the 
compound in the example ? By what are they connected ? 
6. What is a Phrase ? 7. What are the principal parts of a 
simple sentence ? 8. What is the Subject ? 9. The Attri- 
bute ? 10. The Object ? Which is the subject, which the 
attribute, and which the object, in the example? 11. Of 
what does Syntax principally consist? 12. What is Con- 
cord ? 13. What is Government ? 

RULE I, 

A verb must agree with its nominative case in 
number and person; as, I learn; Thou art im- 
proved; The birds sing. 

Questions. — Of what number and person is learn ? A. 
First person singular number. Q. Why ? A. Because its 
nominative /is of the first person, singular number, and the 
rule says, " A verb must agree," &c. What number is art 
improved? Why? Sing? Why? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Hope animates us. 

Animates is a regular transitive verb, indicative mode, 
present tense, third person, singular number, agreeing with 
its nominative, hope; agreeably to the rule which says, " A 
verb must agree," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

The contented mind spreads ease and cheerfulness around 
it. 



RULE I.] SYNTAX. 59 

The school of experience teaches many useful lessons. 
In the path of life are many thorns, as well as flowers. 
Thou shouldst do justice to all men, even to enemies. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour * 
What avails the best sentiments, if persons do not live 

suitably to them. 

Thou should love thy neighbor as sincerely as thou lovest 

thyself. 

Note 1. — The infinitive mode, or part of a sentence, is 
sometimes put as the nominative case to the verb ; as, To 
play is pleasant ; To be good is to be happy. 

Questions. — Is the infinitive mode, or a part of a sentence^ 
put as the nominative case in the first example ? What, in 
the next example ! 

Specimen of Parsing. 

To play is pleasant. 

To play is a verb in the infinitive mode, and put as the 
nominative case to the verb is ; agreeably to the note which 
says, " The infinitive mode or part of a sentence," (fee. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

To will is present with me, but how to perform that which 
is good, I find not. To err is human, to forgive divine. To 
countenance persons who are guilty of bad actions, is scarce- 
ly one remove from actually committing them. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
To do unto all men as we would that they, in similar cir- 

* The following example, together with the questions un- 
der each rule, will give the scholar an idea of the manner in 
which he is to make the corrections : 

" Fifty pounds of wheat contains forty pounds of flour/' 
Q. Is this sentence correct ? A. No. Q. Wherein is it in- 
correct ? A. Contains is of the wrong number. Q. Parse 
it. A. It is a regular active verb, indicative mode, present 
tense, third person, singular number, but should be plural ; 
that is, contain, in order to agree with its nominative 
pounds ; agreeably to the rule which says, " A verb must 
agree," &c. 



60 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE I 

eumstances, should do unto us, constitute the great principle 
of virtue. To live soberly, righteously, and piously, are re- 
quired of all men. To be of a pure and humble mind, to 
exercise benevolence towards others, to cultivate piety to- 
wards God, is the sure means of becoming virtuous and 
happy. 

Note 2.— Every verb, except in the infinitive mode, or 
the participle, ought to have a nominative case, either ex- 
pressed or implied ; as, Awake ; arise; that is, Awake ye; 
arise ye. 

Question. — Is the nominative case expressed or implied, in 
these examples ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Remember to assist the distressed. 

Remember is a regular verb active, imperative mode, sec- 
ond person, singular number, and agrees with its nominative 
case, thou, implied; agreeably to the note which savs, 
"Every verb," Ac. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Boast not of to-morrow. Know thou thyself; presume 
not God to scan. Blow, winds, crack your cheeks. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
If the privileges to which he has an undoubted right, and 
he has long enjoyed, should now be wrested from him, would 
be flagrant injustice. These curiosities we have imported 
from China, and are similar to those which were some time 
ago brought from Africa. 

Note 3.— Every nominative case, except the case absolute, 
and when an address is made to a person or thing, should 
belong to some verb, either expressed or implied ; as, Who 
wrote tins book ? James, that is, James wrote it. To whom 
thus Adam ; that is, spoke. 

Questions. — What nominative cases in your examples ? 
Do they belong to verbs expressed or implied ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 
Who wrote that book ? James. 
James is a proper noun, of the third person, singular 
number, nominative case, and belongs to wrote, implied; 



RULE I."] SYNTAX. 61 

agreeably to the note which says, "Every nominative 
case," <fec. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Who built that ship? Mr. Hewer. Who inhabit that 
house ? We. How many persons were present ? Six la- 
dies, and four gentlemen. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Two substantives, when they come together, and do not 
signify the same thing, the former must be in the genitive 
case. Virtue, however it may be neglected for a time, men 
are so constituted, as ultimately to acknowledge and respect 
genuine merit. 

Note 4. — When the nominative case has no personal tense 
of a verb, but is put before a participle, independently on 
the rest of the sentence, it is called the case absolute ; as, 
Shame being lost, all virtue was lost ; The lessons having 
been recited, the boy was dismissed. 

Questions. — What nominative cases in your examples 
which have no personal tense of a verb ? Before what par- 
ticiples are they put ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Shame, being lost, all virtue was lost. 

Shame is a common noun, of the third person, singular 
number, and nominative case absolute ; agreeably to the 
note which says, " When the nominative case," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 
Proclamation having been made, all the people assem- 
bled. There being but few persons present, the meeting 
was adjourned. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
Him destroyed, or won to what may work his utter loss. 
Whose gray top shall tremble, him descending. 

RULE. 

When an address is made, the noun or pronoun addressed 
is put in the nominative case independent ; as, It must be 
so, Plato ; thou reasonest well ; Awake, my St. John ; Hear, 
oh ! heavens, and give ear, oh ! earth. 

6 



62 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE 11. i 

Specimen of Parsing. 
It must be so, Plato ; thou reasonest well. 
Plato is a proper noun, of the second person, singular 
number, and nominative case independent, agreeably to the 
rule which says, " "When an address is made," <fcc. 

RULE II. 

Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular number, 
joined together by one or more copulative conjunc- 
tions, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agree- 
ing with them in the plural number ; as, Socrates 
and Plato were wise ; they were the most eminent 
philosophers of Greece ; The sun that rolls over our 
heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we 
enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superin- 
tending Power. 

Questions. — What number is were $ Why would it not 
be proper to use was, instead of were § A. Because was is 
singular, and the two nouns, Socrates and Plato, are joined 
together by the copulative conjunction and ; and the rule 
says, " Two or more nouns," &c. What number is they i 
Why not he, instead of they ? What number is admonish ? 
Why not admonishes, instead of admonish $ 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Peace and joy are virtue's crown. 

Are is an irregular verb neuter, indicative mode, present 
tense, third person, plural number, agreeing with its nomi- 
native cases peace and joy ; agreeably to the rule which 
s^ys, " Two or more nouns," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing 
Vanity and presumption ruin many a promising youth. 
Food, clothing, and credit, are the rewards of industry. 
He and William live together in great harmony. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
Idleness and ignorance is the parent of many vices. 
Patience and diligence, like faith, removes mountains. 
What signifies the counsel and care of preceptors when 
youth think they have no need of assistance I 



RULE III.] SYNTAX. 63 

Note In many complex sentences, it is difficult for 

learners to determine whether one or more of the clauses 
are to be considered as the nominative case ; and, conse- 
quently, whether the verb is in the singular or plural num- 
ber. The following are correct examples of both numbers ; 
as, The ship, with all her furniture, was destroyed; The 
prince, as well as the people, was praiseworthy ; Virtue, 
honor, nay, even self-interest, conspire to recommend the 
measure ; Nothing delights me so much as the works of 
nature. 

Questions. — Is one or more of the clauses, in the first 
example, considered as the nominative case to the verb? 
How is it in the second ? the third ? the fourth ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Good order in our affairs, not mean savings, produce 
great profits. That great senator, in concert with several 
other eminent persons, were the projectors of the revolution. 

RULE III. 

The conjunction disjunctive has an effect con- 
trary to that of the conjunction copulative ; for as 
the verb, noun or pronoun is referred to the pre- 
ceding terms taken separately, it must be in the 
singular number ; as, Ignorance or negligence has 
caused this mistake ; John, James or Joseph intends 
to accompany me ; There is in many minds neither 
knowledge nor understanding. 

Questions. — What number is has ? Why not have ? A. 
Because have is plural, and the verb is referred to the pre- 
ceding terms, ignorance and negligence, taken separately ; 
and the rule says, " The conjunction disjunctive," &c. What 
number is intends ? Why not intend? What number is is? 
Why not are ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 
Wisdom or folly governs us. 

Governs is a regular verb active, indicative mode, present 
tense, and the third person, singular number, agreeing with 
its nominative case wisdom or folly ; agreeably to the rule 
which says, " The conjunction disjunctive," (fee. 



64 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE IV. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

No age, nor condition, is exempt from trouble. 
Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition, is not at- 
tainable by idle wishes. 

Neither birth nor fortune is a substitute for virtue. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Man's happiness or misery are, in a great measure, put 
into his own hands. 

Man is not such a machine as a clock or a watch, which 
move merely as they are moved. 

Speaking impatiently to servants, or anything that be- 
trays inattention or ill-humor, are certainly criminal. 

Note. — "When singular pronouns, or a noun and pronoun, 
of different persons, are disjunctively connected, the verb 
must agree with that person which is placed nearest to it ; 
as, I or thou art to blame ; Thou or I am in fault ; I, or thou, 
or he is the author of it ; George or I am the person. 

Questions. — What pronouns of different persons in your 
first example ? Of what person is each ? With which does 
the verb agree ? Why ? What persons in the next exam- 
ple ? With which does the verb agree ? Why ? What 
noun and pronoun in the last example ? With which does 
the verb agree ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Either thou or I art greatly mistaken in our judgment on 
this subject. I or thou am the person who must undertake 
the business proposed. 

RULE IV. 

A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may- 
have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of 
the singular or plural number ; yet not without re- 
gard to the import of the word, as conveying unity 
or plurality of idea ; as, The meeting was large ; 
The parliament is dissolved ; The nation is power- 
ful; My people do not consider; they have not 
known me ; The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure 



EULE V.] SYNTAX. 65 

as their chief good ; The council were divided in 
their sentiments. 

Questions. — What number is was ? Why not were ? A. 
Because were is plural, and the noun meeting conveys unity 
of idea ; and the rule says, " A noun of multitude," &c. What 
number is is ? Why not are ? What number is is in the 
next example ? Why not are ? What number is do ? Why 
not does ? What number is they ? Why not it ? Pursue ? 
Why not pursues? Their ? Why not its ? Were ? Why 
not was? Their? 'Whj not its? 



False Syntax to be corrected. 

The British Parliament are composed of King, Lords, and 
Commons. 

A great number do not always argue strength. 

The council was not unanimous, and separated without 
coming to any determination. 



RULE V. 

Pronouns must always agree with their antece- 
dents, or the nouns for which they stand, in gender 
and number ; as, This is the friend whom I love ; 
That is the vice which I hate : The kino- and the 
queen had put on their robes ; The moon appears, 
and she shines, but the light is not her own. 

The relative is of the same person as the antece- 
dent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly ; as, 
Thou tvho lovest wisdom ; I who speak from expe- 
rience. 



Questions. — Why not which instead of whom? A. Be- 
cause which is neuter gender, and the antecedent, friend, 
is either masculine or feminine ; and the rule says, " Pro- 
nouns must always agree," <fec. Why not who instead of 
which ? Why not her or his instead of their ? Why not 
he or they instead of she ? Why not his or their instead of 
her ? Why not whom instead of who ? Why not loves 
instead of lovest ? What person is who, in the second ex- 

6* 



66 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE V. I 

ample ? How do you know it ? Why not speaks instead of 
speak ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

The man is happy who lives virtuously. 

Who is a relative pronoun, which has for its antecedent 
man, with which it agrees in gender and number ; agreeably 
to the rule which says, " Pronouns must agree," (fee. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

The man who is faithfully attached to religion, may be 
relied on with confidence. 

The vices which we should especially avoid are those 
which most easily beset us. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

They which seek Wisdom will certainly find her. 

I do not think that any person should incur censure for 
being tender of their reputation. 

Thou, who has been a witness of the fact, can give an 
account of it. 

Part 1. — Every relative must have an antecedent to 
which it refers, either expressed or implied ; as, Who is fatal 
to others, is so to himself; that is, the man who is fatal to 
others. 

Questions. — What relative in the example ? To what 
antecedent does it refer ? Is it expressed, or implied ? 

Part 2. — What is very frequently the representative of 
two cases ; one the objective after the verb or preposition, 
and the other the nominative to a subsequent verb ; as, I 
heard what was said ; He related what was seen. 

Question. — What two cases are represented by what in 
the examples ? 

Note 1. — Personal Pronouns, being used to supply the 
place of the noun, are not employed in the same part of a 
sentence as the noun which they represent ; for it would be 
improper to say, The king he is just ; I saw her the queen ; 
The men they were there. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
The cares of this world they often choke the growth 



RULE V.] SYNTAX. 67 

'of virtue. Disappointments and afflictions, however disa- 
greeable, they often improve us. 

Note 2. — The pronouns whichsoever, whosoever, and the 
like, are elegantly divided by the interposition of the corre- 
sponding substantives or adjectives ; thus, On which side 
soever the king cast his eye. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Howsoever beautiful they appear, they have no real merit. 
On whichsoever side they are contemplated, they appear to 
advantage. 

Note 3. — Many persons are apt, in conversation, to put the 
objective case of the personal pronouns in the place of these 
and those ; as, Give me them books ; instead of those books. 
It is better to say, They that, or they who, sow in tears, 
sometimes reap in joy ; than to say, Those who, &c. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Which of them two persons has most distinguished him- 
self ? None more impatiently suffer injuries than those that 
are most forward in doing them. 

Note 4. — The word what is sometimes improperly used for 
that ; as, They will never believe but what I have been en- 
tirely to blame. The word somewhat, in the following sen- 
tence, is improperly used ; These punishments seem to have 
been exercised in somewhat an arbitrary manner ; that is, in 
a manner which is, in some respects, arbitrary. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

He would not be persuaded but what I was greatly in 
fault. These commendations of his children appear to have 
been made in somewhat an injudicious manner. 

Note 5. — The personal pronoun is improperly applied to 
children and to animals ; thus we say, It is a lovely child ; 
That fowl which nature has taught to dip the wing in 
water. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

The child whom we have just seen is wholesomely fed. 
He is like a beast of prey, who destroys without pity. 



®& ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE VI. 

JSTote 6.— There should be no ambiguity in the use of the 
pronoun relative ; as, when we say, The disciples of Christ 
whom we imitate. Is Christ or disciples the antecedent ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
The king dismissed his minister without any inquiry, who 
had never before committed so unjust an action. There are 
millions of people in the empire of China whose support is 
derived almost entirely from rice. 

Note 7.— The interjections ! Oh ! and Ah ! require the 
objective case of a pronoun in the first person after them ; 
as, Ome! Oh me ! Ah me ! but the nominative case in the 
second person ; as, thou persecutor ! Oh ye hypocrites ' 
thou, who dwellest, <fcc. 

Questions.— What cases are the pronouns in the first ex- 
ample ? Why? What in the second? Why? What case 
is the pronoun in the next example ? Why ? What in the 
next ? Why ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
Ah! unhappy thee, who art deaf to the calls of duty! 
Oh ! happy we, surrounded with so many blessings ! 

RULE VI. 

The relative is the nominative case to the verb, 
when no nominative comes between it and the verb ; 
as, The master who taught us ; The trees which are 
planted. 

When a nominative comes between the relative 
and the verb, the relative is governed by some word 
in its own member of the sentence ; as, He who 
preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, 
and whom I serve, is eternal. 

Questions.— Which word is the verb in the first example ? 
Which is the nominative? Why? Which is the verb in 
the next example ? Which is the nominative ? Why ? Show 
where a nominative comes between the relative and the verb 
in the last example. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

If he will not hear his best friend, whom shall be sent to 
admonish him ? 



RULE VI.] SYNTAX. 69 

The persons, who conscience and virtue support, may 
smile at the caprices of fortune. 

From the character of those who you associate with, your 
own will be estimated. 

Note 1. — When both the antecedent and the relative 
become nominatives, each to different verbs, the relative is 
nominative to the former, and the antecedent to the latter 
verb ; as, True philosophy, which is the ornament of our na- 
ture, consists more in the iove of our duty, and the practice 
of virtue, than in great talents and extensive knowledge. 

Questions. — Which is the antecedent in your example ? 
To what is it the nominative ? Which is the relative ? To 
what is it the nominative ? 

Note 2. — Pronouns are sometimes made to precede the 

things which they represent ; as, If a man declares in au- 

. tumn, when he is eating them, or in spring, when there are 

| none, that he loves grapes, (fee. But this is a construction 

very seldom allowable. 

Questions. — What are the pronouns which precede the 
things they represent in the example? To, what do they 
| refer? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

It is not to be expected, that they, whom, in early life, 
have been dark and deceitful, should afterwards become fair 
and ingenuous. That is the student, who I gave the book 
to, and whom, I am persuaded, deserves it. 

Note 3. — The noun or pronoun containing the answer must 
be in the same case as that which contains the question ; as, 
Whose books are these ? They are John's. Wlio gave them 
to him ? We. Of whom did you buy them ? Of a book- 
seller ; him who lives at the Bible and Crown. 

Questions. — What case is John's in the example ? Why 
should it be so ? What case is we ? Why ? What case is 
him? Why? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Of whom were the articles bought ? Of a mercer ; he who 
resides near the mansion-house. Was any person besides 
> the mercer present ? Yes, both him and his clerk. Who 
k was the money paid to ? To the mercer and his clerk. 



70 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE VII. 

RULE VII. 

When the relative is preceded by two nominatives 
of different persons, the relative and verb may agree 
in person with either, according to the sense ; as, I 
am the man who command you ; or, I am the man 
who commands you. 

Questions. — Which word is the relative in the first exam- 
ple ? By what two nominatives is it preceded ? Of what 
person is each ? With which do the relative and verb agree ? 
With which do they agree in the next example \ 

Specimen of Parsing. 

I am the man who commands you. 

Who is a relative pronoun, which has for its antecedent 
man, with which it agrees in person ; agreeably to the rule 
which says, " When the relative is preceded," <fcc. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Thou art the man who has improved his privileges, and 
who will reap the reward. 

I am the person who owns the fault committed, and who 
disdains to conceal it by falsehood. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Thou art the friend that hast often relieved me, and that 
has not deserted me now in the time of peculiar need. I 
perceive that thou art a pupil who possesses bright parts, 
but who hast cultivated them but little. 

RULE VIII. 

Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, be- 
longs to a substantive, expressed or understood ; as, 
He is a good as well as a wise man; Few are happy ; 
that is, persons; This is a pleasant walk ; that is, 
This walk is, &c. 

Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with 
their substantives ;. as, This book, these books ; That 
sort, those sorts ; Another road, other roads. 



RULE VIII.] SYNTAX. 11 

Questions. — What adjective, and what adjective pronouns 
in your examples ? To what do they belong ? Why should 
you not say, These book? this books? These sort? that 
sorts? Other road ? another roads ? ' 

Specimen of Parsing. 

A better world. 

Better is an adjective, in the comparative degree, and be- 
longs to the noun world; agreeably to the rule which says, 
" Every adjective," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

That sort of pleasure weakens and debases the mind. 

Even in these times, there are many persons who, from 
disinterested motives, are solicitous to promote the happiness 
of others. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

These kind of indulgences soften and injure the mind. 
Instead of improving yourselves, you have been playing this 
two hours. Those sort of favors did real injury, under the 
appearance of kindness. 

Exception. — An adjective pronoun in the plural number, 
will sometimes properly associate with a singular noun ; as, 
our desire, your intention, their resignation. 

Questions. — What are the adjective pronouns in the ex 
ample ? Of what number ? With what substantives are 
they associated ? Of what number are these substantives ? 

Adjective Pronouns. 
Note 1. — The phrases this means and that means should 
be used only when they refer to what is singular ; these 
means and those means when they respect plurals ; as, He 
lived temperately, and by this means preserved his health ; 
The scholars were attentive, industrious, and obedient to 
their tutors, and by these means acquired knowledge. 

Questions. — Why use this means in the first example? 
Why these means in the second ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Charles was extravagant, and by these means became poor 
and despicable. Industry is the mean of obtaining compe- 
tency. This person embraced every opportunity to display 
his talents ; and by these means rendered himself ridiculous 



72 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE VIII. 

Note 2. — That is used in reference to the former of two 
persons or things, and this in reference to the latter ; as, Self- 
love, which is the spring of action in the soul, is ruled by- 
reason ; but for that, man would be inactive ; and but for 
he would be active to no end. 



Questions. — To what does that refer in the example ? To 
what does this refer ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Religion raises men above themselves ; irreligion sinks 
them beneath the brutes ; that binds them down to a poor, 
pitiable speck of perishable earth ; this opens for them a 
prospect to the skies. 

Note 3. — The distributive adjective pronouns, each, every, 
either, agree with the nouns, pronouns, and verbs of the sin- 
gular number only, except the plural nouns convey a collec- 
tive idea ; as, The king of Israel, and Jehoshaphat, the king 
of Judah, sat each on his throne ; Every tree is known by its 
fruit ; Either of the two is eligible. 

Obs. — Each signifies both of them, taken collectively or 
eeparately ; either properly signifies only the one or the other 
of them, disjunctively. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Each of them, in their turn, receive the benefits to which 
they are entitled. Whatever he undertakes, either his pride 
or his folly disgust us. 

Adjectives. 

Note 4.— Part 1. Adjectives are sometimes improperly 
applied as adverbs ; as, Indifferent honest ; excellent well ; 
miserable poor ; instead of, Indifferently honest ; excellently 
well ; miserably poor. 

Adverbs are likewise improperly used as adjectives ; as, 
The tutor addressed him in terms rather warm, but suitably 
to his offence ; They were seen wandering about solitarily 
and distressed ; instead of suitable and solitary. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

She reads proper, writes very neat, and composes very 
accurate. He was extreme prodigal, and his property is 
now near exhausted. They generally succeeded ; for they 
lived conformable to the rules of prudence. 



RULE VIII.] SYNTAX. 73 

Part 2. — The adjective pronoun such is often misapplied ; 
as, He was such an extravagant young man, that he spent 
his whole patrimony in a few years. It should be, so extrav- 
agant a young man. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Such an amiable disposition will secure universal esteem. 
Such distinguished virtues seldom occur. 

Note 5. — Double comparatives and superlatives should 
be avoided ; such as, A loorser conduct ; A more serener 
temper ; The most strictest sect. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

'Tis more easier to build two chimneys than to maintain 
one. The tongue is like a race-horse, which runs the faster, 
the lesser weight it carries. The Most Highest hath created 
us for his glory and our happiness. 

Note 6. — Adjectives that have in themselves a superla 
live signification, do not properly admit of the comparative 
or superlative form ; such as, chief, extreme, perfect, right, 
universal, supreme, &c. 

Specimen of Correction. 

Virtue confers the supremest dignity on man, and should 
be his chiefest desire. 

Questions. — Is this sentence correct ? A. No. Q. Where- 
in is it incorrect? A. Supremest has the superlative form, 
st, added ; whereas supreme has, in itself, a superlative sig- 
nification. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

His work is perfect, his brother's more perfect, and his 
father's the most perfect of all. He gave the fullest and 
most sincere proof of the truest friendship. 

Note 7. — In some cases adjectives should not be separated 
from their substantives, even by words which modify their 
meaning, and make but one sense with them ; as, A large 
enough number nearly, it should be, A number large 
enough. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

He spoke in a distinct enough manner, to be heard by the 
whole assembly. Thomas is equipped with a new pair of 
gloves ; he is a servant of an old rich man. 

7 



74 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE IX. 

RULE IX. 

The article a or an agrees with nouns in the sin- 
gular number only, individually or collectively ; as, 
A Christian, an infidel, a score, a thousand. 

The definite article the may agree with nouns in 
the singular or plural number ; as, The garden, the 
houses, the stars. 

The articles are often properly omitted ; when 
used, they should be justly applied, according to 
their distinct nature ; as, Gold is corrupting ; The 
sea is green ; A lion is bold. 

Question. — Why is it not as proper to say, A Christians, 
an infidels, as to say, The Christians, the infidels? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

An angel. 

An is an indefinite article, and agrees with the noun 
angel ; agreeably to the rule which says, " The article a or 
an agrees," &c. 

JSxercises in Parsing. 

The restless, discontented person is not a good friend, a 
good neighbor, or a good subject. 

The young, the healthy, and the prosperous, should not 
presume on their advantages. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

The fire, the air, the earth, and the water, are four ele- 
ments of the philosophers. We are placed here under a trial 
of our virtue. The profligate man is seldom or never found 
to be the good husband, the good father, or the beneficent 
neighbor. 

Note. — A nice distinction of the sense is sometimes made 
by the use or omission of the article a. If I say, He behaved 
with a little reverence, my meaning is positive ; if I say, He 
behaved with little reverence, my meaning is negative. 



RULE X.] SYNTAX. 75 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

He has been much censured for conducting himself with, 
a little attention to his business. So bold a breach of order 
called for little severity in punishing the offender. 

RULE X. 

One substantive governs another, signifying a dif- 
ferent thing, in the possessive or genitive case ; as, 
My father's house ; Maris happiness ; Virtue's re- 
ward. 

Questions. — Which words are in the possessive case in the 
examples ? By what substantives are they governed ? Why ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Thy ancestors virtue is not thine. Thy fathers offense 
will not condemn thee. A mans manners frequently influ- 
ence his fortune. 

The following rule is thought preferable to the above : — 

The possessive case is governed by the noun which it pos- 
sesses ; as, Marts happiness ; Virtue's reward. 

Questions. — What does Man possess? By what is it 
governed ? Why ? Virtue's ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Man's happiness. 

Man's is a common noun, the third person, singular num- 
ber, possessive case, and is governed by happiness, the noun 
which it possesses ; agreeably to the rule which says, " The 
possessive case," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Of man's first disobedience . . . sing, heavenly muse. 

Oh ! happiness, our being's end and aim. 

Peace and joy are virtue's crown. 

Goodness brings its own reward. 

I must get my lesson. 

We must improve our time. 

This composition is his. 

William has left his book. 

Question. — Is his a simple possessive, or a compound 
possessive pronoun ? 



76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE X. 

Illustration. — The difference between simple and com- 
pound pronouns may be seen in the following sentences ; 
Is it her or his honor that is tarnished ? It is not hers, but 
his. 

Note. — When two or more nouns, or a noun and pro- 
noun, come together, and signify the same thing, they are 
said to be in apposition, and agree in case ; as, Paid the 
Apostle ; George, King of Great Britain, Elector of Hano- 
ver, <fec. 

Questions. — What two nouns come together, signifying 
the same thing, in the first example ? What three in the 
second j? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

The Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, was a wise and 
virtuous prince. 

Marcus Aurelius is a proper noun, of the third person, 
singular number, and nominative case, and is put in apposi- 
tion with the substantive Emperor ; agreeably to the note 
which says, " When two or more nouns," efce. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Arden, the general, a brave man, was defeated. 

Maria rejected Valerius, the man whom she had rejected 
before. 

He never forgot his wife, an example of every virtue, her 
whom all regarded with admiration. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

They slew Varus, he that was mentioned before. They 
slew Varus, who was him that I mentioned before. 

Note 1. — When several nouns come together in the pos- 
sessive case, the apostrophe, with s, is annexed to the last, 
and understood of the rest ; as John and Eliza's book ; This 
was my father, mother, and uncle's advice. 

But if any words intervene, or different things are meant, 
the sign of the possessive should be annexed to each ; as, 
They are John's as well as Eliza's books ; Webster's and 
Prices spelling-books. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
It was the men's, women's, and children's lot to suffer 
great calamities. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation 
was that of fishermen. This measure gained the king, as 
well as the people's approbation. 



RULE X.] SYNTAX. 77 

Note 2. — Part 1. In poetry, the additional 6- is frequently 
omitted, but the apostrophe retained ; as, The wrath of Pe- 
leus' son. The following examples in prose are erroneous : 
Moses* minister ; Phmehas' wife ; Festus came into Felix! 
room. It should have been, Moses's, Phinehas's, Felix's. 

Questions. — Why is the additional 5 omitted in Pcleus y £ 
Why is it not as properly omitted in Moses', Phinehas', and 
Felix'? 

Part 2. — But when cases occur which would give too 
much of the hissing sound, or increase the difficulty of pro- 
nunciation, the omission of the apostrophic s takes place, 
even in prose ; as, For righteousness' sake ; for conscience 
sake. 

Question. — Why would you omit sounding the apostrophic 
s in righteousness' sake, and conscience' sake ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

And he cast himself down at Jesus feet. Moses rod was 
turned into a serpent. For Herodias sake, his brother Phil- 
ips wife. If ye suffer for righteousness's sake, happy are r 
ye. You should be subject for conscience's sake. 

Note 3. — When terms signifying a name and an office 
are connected, that which denotes the name of persons 
should be possessive ; as, I left the parcel at Smith's, the 
bookseller. 

Questions. — Which word denotes the name of a person, 
in the example ? Which denotes the name of an office ? 
Which is put in the possessive case ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

I bought the knives at Johnson's, the cutler's. This pal- 
ace had been the Grand Sultan's, Mahomet's. I will not for 
David's, thy father's sake. 

Note 4. — The English genitive, or possessive case, has 
often an unpleasant sound, so that we daily make more use 
of the particle of, to express the same relation. Thus, in- 
stead of saying, The army's name, the Commons' vote, the 
Lords' house, we say, The name of the army, the vote of the 
Commons, the house of Lords. 

Question. — Why is the name of the army better than the 
army's name 9 

*7* 



78 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XL 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

The world's government is not left to chance. It was 
necessary to have both the physician's and the surgeon's 
advice. 

Note 5. — In some cases we use both the possessive ter- 
mination and the preposition of; as, It is a discovery of Sir 
Isaac Newton's. The word genius or property, <fcc. may be 
understood at the end of such phrases, and the noun or pro- 
noun, signifying the possessor, is governed, in the possessive 
case, by the noun signifying the thing possessed. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

These pictures of the king were sent to hini from Italy. 
That is the eldest son of the king of England's. 

Note 6. — When an entire clause of a sentence, beginning 
with a participle of the present tense, is used as one name, 
or to express one idea or circumstance, the noun on which it 
depends may be put in the possessive case, and be governed 
by that clause. Thus we say, What is the reason of this 
person's dismissing his servant so hastily ? Just as we say, 
What is the reason of this person's hasty dismission of his 
servant ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

What can be the cause of the parliament neglecting so 
important a business ? Much depends on this rule being 
observed. The time of William making the experiment at 
length arrived. 

RULE XI. 

Transitive verbs govern the objective case ; as, 
Truth ennobles Iter ; She comforts me ; They sup- 
port us ; Virtue rewards her followers. 

Questions. — Which is the transitive verb in each example ? 
What does each govern ? Why ? 

Specimen of Parsing 

Hope animates us. 

Us is a personal pronoun of the first person, plural num- 
ber, objective case, and governed by the transitive verb 






RULE XI. J SYNTAX. 79 

animates; agreeably to the rule which says, "Transitive 
verbs," (fee. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

"Wisdom and virtue ennoble us. Vice and folly debase u& 

Whom can we so justly love as them who have endeav- 
ored to make us wise and happy ? 

When a person has nothing to do, he is almost always 
tempted to do wrong. 

We need not urge Charles to do good : he loves to do it. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Who have I reason to love so much as this friend of my 
youth ? The man who he raised from obscurity is deai 
He and they we know, but who art thou ? 

Note 1. — Part of a sentence, as well as a noun or pro- 
noun, may be said to be in the objective case, or to be put 
objectively, and governed by the transitive verb ; as, We 
sometimes see virtue in distress ; but we should consider 
how great will be her ultimate reward. 

Sentences or phrases under this circumstance may be 
termed objective sentences, or phrases. 

Questions. — What objective phrase in the first example 1 
By what active verb is it governed ? Does the next exam- 
ple contain an objective phrase, or sentence ? By what is it 
governed ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

But we should consider how great will be her ulti- 
mate reward. 

How great will be her ultimate reward is an objective sen- 
tence, and governed by the transitive verb consider ; agree- 
ably to the note which says, " Part of a sentence," tfcc. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Can you tell how much the land cost ? 
We saw religion abandoned, and persecuted; but we 
could not see how many vices would be introduced. 

Note 2. — Some verbs appear to govern two words in the 
objective case ; as, The Author of my being formed me man 9 
and made me accountable to him. They desired me to 
call them brethren. He seems to have made him what he 
was. 



SO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XI. 

Questions. — In the first example, what two words in the 
objective case ? By what verb are they governed ? What 
two in the next ? By what governed ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

They desired me to call them brethren. 

Them and brethren are two words, each in the third per- 
son, plural number, objective case, and governed by the 
transitive verb call ; agreeably to the note which says, 
M Some verbs appear," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

The king created him duke. 

The voice of the nation declared him a traitor. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

They who opulence has made proud, and who luxury has 
corrupted, cannot relish the simple pleasures of nature. You 
have reason to dread his wrath, which one day will destroy 
ye both. He and they we know, but who are you ? 

Note 3. — Neuter verbs of motion and change are varied 
like the active, and admit of the passive form, retaining still 
the neuter signification ; as, I am come ; I was gone ; I am 
grown ; I am fallen. The following examples should have 
an active, and not a passive form ; We are infinitely swerved; 
the whole obligation was also ceased; the number was now 
amounted, &c. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

If such maxims and such practices prevail, what has be- 
come of decency and virtue ? I have come according to the 
time proposed ; but I have fallen upon an evil hour. He 
was entered into the connection, before the consequences were 
considered. 

Note 4. — Part 1. Intransitive and neuter verbs may have 
the same case after them as that which next precedes them ; 
as, I am he whom they converted ; I believe it to have been 
them ; He desired to be their king ; She walks a queen. 

Questions. — What pronoun is next after a neuter verb, 
in the first example ? In what case is it ? What intransitive 
verb in the last example ? What case has it before it, and 
what after it ? 



RULE XII.] SYNTAX. 81 

Specimen' of Parsing. 

He desired to be their king. 

King is a common noun, of the third person, singular num- 
ber, and nominative case after the neuter verb to be, because 
he, the case winch next precedes it, is in the nominative case ; 
agreeably to the note which says, " Intransitive and neater 
verbs," &c. 

Part 2. — Passive verbs which signify naming, and others 
of a similar nature, have the same case before and after 
them ; as, He was called Cccsar ; Site was named Penelope ; 
Horner is styled the prince of the poets ; James was created 
duke. 

Questions. — What noun is put after a verb of naming, in 
the first example ? In what case is it ? Why ? In what 
case is prince, in the third example ? Why ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Well may you be afraid ; it is him indeed. I would act 
the same part, if I were him, or in his situation. If it was 
not him, who do you imagine it to have been ? 

Note 5. — The auxiliary verb let governs the objective 
case; as, Let him beware ; Let us judge correctly ; hut than 
not presume ; Let George study his lesson. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Whatever others do, let thou and I act wisely. Let thou 
and we unite to oppose this growing evil. 



RULE XII. 

One verb governs another that follows it, or de- 
pends upon it, in the infinitive mode ; as, Cease io 
do evil ; Learn to do well ; We should be prepared 
to render an account of our actions. 

The word io, though generally used before the 
latter verb, is sometimes properly omitted ; as, I 
heard him say it ; instead of; to say it. 

Questions. — What is the infinitive mode in each example? 
By what governed ? Why 'i 



82 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XII 

The following Rule, with the verb inserted, is thought to 
include all that relates to the government of the infinitive 
mode, and in plainer terms than the original rule : — 

Eule. — The infinitive mode is governed by (verbs) adjec- 
tives, substantives, and participles ; as, He is eager to learn ; 
She is worthy to be loved ; They have a desire to improve ; 
Endeavoring to persuade. 

Questions. — By what part of speech is the infinitive gov- 
erned, in the first example ? By what in the second ? What 
in the third? In the last? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

She is worthy to be loved. 

To be loved is a passive verb, in the infinitive mode, and 
governed by the adjective worthy ; agreeably to the rule 
which says, " The infinitive mode is governed," <kc. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Cease to do evil. 

Learn to do well. 

They have a desire to do right. 

She is endeavoring to persuade. 

'Tis wise to talk with our past hours. 

Part 1. — The infinitive sometimes follows the word as ; 
thus, An object so high as to be invisible ; A question so ob- 
scure as to perplex the understanding. 

Part 2. — The infinitive occasionally follows than, after a 
comparison ; as, He desired nothing more than to know his 
own imperfections. 

Part 3. — The infinitive mode is often made absolute, or 
used independently on the rest of the sentence, supplying 
the place of the conjunction that, with the potential mode ; 
as, To confess the truth, I was in fault ; that is, that I may 
confess, &c. 

Part 4. — The verbs bid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, 
and also let, not used as an auxiliary, and a few others, have, 
in the active form, the infinitive after them without the sign 
to before it ; as, I bade him do it ; Ye dare not do it ; I saw 
him do it ; I heard him say it ; Thou lettest him go. 



RULE XIII.] SYNTAX. 83 

Question. — What verbs are used in the infinitive mode 
without the sign to I 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

It is better live on a little, than outlive a great deal. You 
ought not walk too hastily. I wish him not wrestle with his 
happiness. I need not to solicit him to do a kind action. I 
have seen some young persons to conduct themselves very 
discreetly. 

RULE XIII. 

In the use of words and phrases which, in point 
of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that 
relation should be observed. Instead of saying, The 
Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away ; 
we should say, The Lord gave, and the Lord hath 
taken away. Instead of, I remember the family more 
than twenty years ; it should be, I have remembered 
the family more than twenty years. 

Question. — In the example, why use gave instead of hath 
given ? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

The next new year's day, I shall be at school three years. 
From the little conversation I had with him, he appeared to 
have been a man of letters. It would have given me great 
satisfaction to relieve him from that distressed situation. 



RULE XIV. 

Participles have the same government as the verbs 
have from which they are derived ; as, I am weary 
with hearing him ; She is instructing us ; The tutor 
is admonishing Charles. 

Questions. — Which is the 'participle in the first example ? 
From what is it derived ? What does it govern ? Why ? 
A. Because the verb hear would govern the objective case 
him; and the rule says, "Participles have the same govern- 
ment," (fee. Which is the participle in the next example ? 
What does it govern ? Why ? Which, in the next ? What 
does it govern ? Why ? 



84 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XIV. 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Speaking truth. 

Truth is a common noun, third person, singular number, 
in the objective case, and governed by the participle speak- 
ing ; agreeably to the rule which says, " Participles," <fcc. 

Exercises in Parsing, 

Having early disgraced himself, he became mean and dis- 
pirited. 

Knowing him to be my superior, I cheerfully submitted. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Esteeming theirselves wise, they became fools. Suspect- 
ing not only ye, but they also, I was studious to avoid all 
intercourse. From having exposed hisself too freely in dif- 
ferent climates, he entirely lost his health. 

Part 1. A participial or verbal noun, whether simple or 
compound, may be either in the nominative or objective case, 
and may have a verb and adjective referring to it ; as, Read- 
ing is useful ; He mentioned a boy's having been corrected for 
his faults ; The boy's having been corrected, is shameful to 
him. 

Questions. — What kind of noun does the first example 
contain ? In what case is it ? What kind does the second 
contain ? In what case ? The third ? What case ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

The boy's having been corrected, is shameful to him. 

The having been corrected is a participial noun, and in the 
nominative case to is ; agreeably to the rule which says, 
" A participial or verbal noun," (fee. 

Part 2. — A participial noun, governed by a preposition, 
or used as a nominative, may govern the objective case ; as, 
John was sent to prepare the way by preaching repentance^ 
and by instructing the people ; Making books is his employ- 
ment ; Her amusement is drawing maps. 

Questions.— Is the participial noun, in the first example, 
governed by a preposition, or used as a nominative ? How 
is it in the next example ? How in the last ? 



RULE XV.] SYNTAX. 85 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Making books is his employment. 

Books is a common noun, third person, plural number, ob- 
jective case, and governed by the participial noun making. 
which is nominative to is ; agreeably to the rule which says, 
* A participial noun," <fec. 

Part 3. — The active participle is frequently used without 
an obvious reference to any noun or pronoun ; as, Generally 
speaking, his conduct is very honorable ; Granting this to be 
true, (fee. In such instances, a pronoun is to be understood. 

Note 1. — When the article a. an, or the, precedes the par- 
ticiple, it becomes a substantive, and must have the preposi- 
tion of after it ; as, By the observing of the rules, you may 
avoid mistakes ; This was a betraying of the trust ; It is an 
overvaluing of ourselves. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

By observing of truth, you will command esteem, as well as 
secure peace. A person may be great or rich by chance ; 
but he cannot be wise or good, without the taking pains for 
it. Nothing could have made her so unhappy, as the marry- 
ing a, man who possessed such principles. 

Note 2. — When the pronoun precedes the participial noun v 
the preposition of should follow it ; as, Much depends on 
their observing of the rule, as error will be the consequence 
of their neglecting of it. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

There will be no danger of their spoiling their faces, or of 
their gaining converts. For his avoiding that precipice, he 
is indebted to his friend's care. 



RULE XV. 

Adverbs, tbougb they have no government of 
case, tense, &c, require an appropriate situation in 
the sentence, viz. for the most part before adjectives, 
after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between 

8 



86 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XV. 

the auxiliary and the verb ; as, He made a very sen- 
sible discourse ; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly , 
and was attentively heard by the whole assembly. 

Questions. — What adverb in the first example ? Where 
is it placed? What in the other examples? Where are 
they placed ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 
They are certainly lost. 

Certainly is an adverb of affirmation, and is placed be- 
tween the auxiliary are and the verb lost ; agreeably to the 
rule which says, " Adverbs, though they have," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

We should always prepare for the worst, and hope for the 
best. 

A young man, so benevolent and virtuous, promises to be 
& very useful member of society. 

When our virtuous friends die, they are not lost forever ; 
they are only gone before us to a happier world. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

He was pleasing not often, because he was vain. William 
nobly acted, though he was unsuccessful. We may happily 
live, though our possessions are small. 

Note 1. — Part 1. The adverb never generally precedes 
the verb ; as, I never was there ; He never comes at a 
proper time. 

Part 2. — Ever is sometimes improperly used for never ; as, 
I seldom or ever see him : it should be, I seldom or never, <L~a 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

They could not persuade him, though they were never so 
eloquent. If some persons' opportunities were never so fa- 
vorable, they would be too indolent to improve them. 

Note 2. — Part 1. The adverb of place where is often im- 
properly used instead of the pronoun relative and a preposi- 
tion ; as, They formed a protestation, where they repeated all 
their claims ; that is, in which they repeated, &c. 



RULE XVI.] SYNTAX. 87 

Part 2. — The adverbs here, there, and where, are often 
improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead o£ 
hither, thither, whither ; as, He came here hastily ; They 
rode there with speed ; Where are you going ? They should 
be, He came hither ; They rode thither ; Whither are you 
going 8 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

He drew up a petition, where he too freely represented 
his own merits. His follies had reduced him to a situation 
where he had much to fear, and nothing to hope. It is re- 
ported, that the prince will come here to-morrow. George is 
active ; he walked there in less than an hour. Where are 
you all going in such haste ? Whither have they been since 
they left the city ? 

Note. — The instruction contained in Part 2 of the foregoing note is 
fast becoming obsolete. 

RULE XVI. 

Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, 
or are equivalent to an atlirmative ; as, Nor did they 
not perceive him ; that is, they did perceive him: 
His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammati- 
cal ; that is, it is grammatical. 

Questions. — What negatives in the first example? To 
what are they equivalent ? Express it affirmatively. What 
negatives in the next example ? To what are they equiva- 
lent ? Express it affirmatively. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Be honest, nor take no shape nor semblance of disguise. 
There cannot be nothing more insignificant than vanity. The 
measure is so exceptionable, that we cannot by no means 
permit it. 

RULE XVII. 

Prepositions govern the objective case ; as, I have 
heard a good character of her ; From him that is 
needy, turn not away ; A word to the wise is suffi- 
cient for them ; We may be good and happy tv ith- 
out riches. 

Questions. — What preposition in the first example ? What 
does it govern \ Why i What in the next ? What does it 



88 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XVII 

govern ? Why ? In the next ? What does it govern ? Why 
The next? What does it govern ? Why? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

They are supported by industry. 

Industry is a common noun, of the third person, singular 

number, objective case, and governed by the preposition by ; 

agreeably to the rule which says, " Prepositions govern," <fec. 

JExercises in Parsing. 

From whom was that information received ? 

To whom do that house, and those fine gardens, belong ? 

False Syntax to be corrected^ 

We are all accountable creatures, each for hisself. Does 
that boy know who he speaks to ? Who does he offer such 
language to ? It was not he that they were so angry with. 

RULE. 

Nouns expressing time, space, direction, distance, value, or 
dimension, are commonly attended by an ellipsis, and gov- 
erned by a preposition understood ; as, I sat an hour ; He 
went a voyage ; They went that way ; She rode a mile ; 
Wisdom is worth a mine of gold ; He laid a floor ten feet 
square ; that is, during an hour ; on a voyage ; in that way ; 
over or through the distance of a mile ; worthy of; over the 
dimension of ten feet square. 

Specimen of Parsing. 

She rode a mile. 
Mile is a common noun, of the third person, singular num- 
ber, objective case, and governed by the preposition of by 
supplying the ellipsis, through the distance of; agreeably to 
the rule which says, " Nouns expressing," &c. 

Exercises in Parsing. 
Ye have forgotten me days without number. 
All the days of my appointed time will I wait. 
He was banished his country. 
I went a journey. 

Part 1. — Participles are frequently used as prepositions; 
as, excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according; as, 
They were all in fault except or excepting him. 



RULE XVII.] SYNTAX. 89 

Part 2. — The prepositiors to, for, and from, are often 

understood, chiefly before the pronouns ; as, Give me the 

book ; Get me some paper ; that is, to me, for me ; Wo 

is me ; He was banished England ; that is, to me,, from 

England. 
i 

Note 1. — The preposition is often ungracefully separated 
from the relative which it governs ; as, Whom will you give 
it to ? instead of To whom will you give it ? 

• False Syntax to be corrected. 

To have no one whom we heartily wish well to, and whom 
we are warmly concerned for, is a deplorable state. He is 
a friend whom I am highly indebted to. 

Note 2. — Different relations, and different senses, must be 
expressed by different prepositions, though in conjunction 
with the same verb or adjective ; thus we say, To converse 
with a person, upon a subject, in a house, &c. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

We are often disappointed of things, which, before pos- 
session, promised much enjoyment, I have frequently desired 
their company, but have always hitherto been disappointed 
in that pleasure. 

Note 3. — An accurate and appropriate use of the preposi- 
tions is of great importance : — 

First — With respect to the preposition of ; as, He is re- 
solved of going to the Persian court ; on going, (fee. ; The 
rain hath been falling of a long time ; falling a long time ; 
He went out of an evening ; an evening. 

Second — With respect to the prepositions to and for ; as, 
You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving per- 
sons ; upon the most deserving, <fcc. ; He accused the minis- 
ters/or betraying the Dutch ; of having betrayed, <fec. 

Third — With respect to the prepositions with, on, and 
upon ; as, Reconciling himself with the king ; to the king ; It 
is a use that perhaps I should not have thought on ; thought 
of; A great quantity may be taken from the heap, without 
making anv alteration upon it ; in it. 

8* 



90 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XVIII. 

Fourth — With respect to the prepositions from, into, 
after, by, out, at, &c. ; as, They should be informed in some 
parts of his character ; about or concerning, &c. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

She finds a difficulty of fixing her mind. There was no 
water, and he died for thirst I have no occasion of his ser- 
vices. This is a principle in unison to our nature. Their 
house is situated to the northeast side of the road. He was 
accused with having acted unfairly. Then' conduct was 
agreeable with their profession. 

Note 4. — Part 1. The preposition to is used before nouns 
of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion ; 
as, I went to London ; I am going to town. 

Part 2. — In is set before countries, cities, and large towns ; 
as, He lives in France, in London, in Birmingham. 

Part 3. — At is generally used after the verb to be ; as, I 
have been at London ; and before villages, single houses, and 
cities, which are in distant countries ; as, He lives at Hack- 
ney ; He resides at Montpelier. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

I have been to London, after having resided a year at 
France ; and I now live in Islington. They have just landed 
in Hull, and are going for Liverpool. They intend to reside 
some time at Ireland. 

RULE XVIII. 

Conjunctions and commas connect like words, the 
same modes and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns 
and pronouns ; as, Candor is to be approved and 
practised ; If thou sincerely desire, and earnestly 
pursue Virtue, she tvill assuredly be found by thee, 
and prove a rich reward ; The master taught her 
and me to write ; He and she were school-fellows. 

Questions. — Of what mode and tense is practised? "Why ? 
Pursue? Why? Prove? Why? In what case is me? 
Why? He? Why? 



RULE XIX.] SYNTAX. 91 

Specimen of Parsing. 

If he go the voyage and prosper. 

Prosper is a regular neuter verb, of the subjunctive mode, 
and present tense, third person, singular number, and is con- 
nected, by the conjunction and, to the verb go ; agreeably to 
the rule which says, " Conjunctions connect," <fcc. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

He and I commenced our studies at the same time. 
If we contend about trifles, and violently maintain our 
opinion, we shall gain but few friends. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

My brother and him are tolerable grammarians. Did he 
not tell thee his fault, and entreated thee to forgive him ? 
Professing regard, and to act differently, marks a base mind. 

Note. — Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to con- 
nect different modes and tenses of verbs ; but, in these in- 
stances, the nominative, generally, if not always, is repeated ; 
as, He lives temperately, and he should live temperately. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Rank may confer influence, but will not necessarily pro- 
duce virtue. He does not want courage, but is defective in 
sensibility. He might have been happy, and is now fully 
convinced of it. 

RULE XIX. 

Some conjunctions require the indicative, some 
the subjunctive mode, after them. It is a general 
rule, that, when something contingent or doubtful 
is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used ; as, If 
I were to write, he would not regard it ; He will not 
be pardoned, unless he repent. 

Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute 
nature, require the indicative mode ; as, As virtue 
advances, so vice recedes ; He is healthy, because he 
is temperate. 



92 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XIX. 

Questions. — Of what mode is were? Why ? Repent? 
Why? Advances? Why? Recedes? Why? Is/ Why? 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Though he urges me yet more earnestly, I shall not com- 
ply, unless he advances more forcible reasons. She disap- 
proved the measure, because it were very improper. Though 
the fact be extraordinary, it certainly did happen. 

Note 1. — The particle as, when it is connected with the 
pronoun such, has the force of a relative pronoun ; as, Let 
such as presume to advise others, look well to their own 
conduct. 

Specimen of Parsing. 

Let such as presume to advise others, look well to 
their own conduct. 

As is a relative pronoun, referring to such for its antece- 
dent, of the third person, plural number, and nominative 
case to presume ; agreeably to the note which says, " The 
particle as, when," <fcc. 

Exercises in Parsing, 

Such men as know their interest will avoid the place. 

He is represented to be such a character as is but seldom 
seen. 

In such company as I found there, I should delight to 
remain. 

Note 2. — Some conjunctions have their corresponding 
conjunctions belonging to them, so that, in the subsequent 
member of the sentence, the latter answers to the former ; 
as, 

1. Though, yet, nevertheless ; as, Though he was rich, 
yet for our sakes he became poor. 

2. Whether — or ; as, Whether he will go or not, I can- 
not tell. 

3. Either — or ; as, I will either send it, or bring it my- 
self. 

4. Neither — nor ; as, Neither thou nor I am able to 
compose it. 

5. As — as ; expressing a comparison of equality ; as, She 
is as amiable as her sister. 

6. As — so ; expressing a comparison of equality ; as, As 
the stars, so shall thy seed be. 



RULE XX.] SYNTAX. 93 

7. As — so ; expressing a comparison of quality ; as, Aa 
the one dieth, so dieth the other. 

8. So — as ; with a verb expressing a comparison of equal- 
ity ; as, To see thy glory, so as we have seen it in thy sanc- 
tuary. 

9. So — as ; with a negative and an adjective expressing 
a comparison of quantity ; as, Pompey was not so great a 
man as Cesar. 

10. So — that ; expressing a consequence ; as, He was so 
fatigued, that he could not move. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Neither the cold or the fervid, but characters uniformly 
warm, are formed for friendship. They are both praise- 
worthy, and one is equally deserving as the other. He is not 
as diligent and learned as his brother. Neither despise or 
oppose what thou dost not understand. The house is not as 
commodious as we expected it would be. The dog in the 
manger would neither eat the hay himself, or suffer the ox 
to eat it. 

RULE XX. 

When the qualities of different things are com- 
pared, the latter noun or pronoun is not governed 
by the conjunction than or as, but is nominative to 
a verb, or is governed by a verb or preposition, ex- 
pressed or understood ; as, Thou art wiser than I ; 
that is, than I am ; They loved him more than me ; 
that is, more than they loved me ; The sentiment is 
well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solo- 
mon than him ; that is, than by him. 

Questions. — What are compared in the first example ? In 
what case is the latter pronoun ? What verb is understood, 
to which it is nominative ? What are compared in the next 
example ? In what case is the latter pronoun ? By what is 
it governed ? By what is him governed in the next example ? 

Specimen of Parsing. 

A good name is better than wealth. 

Wealth is a common noun, third person, singular number, 
and nominative case to is, understood ; agreeably to the rule 
which says, " When the qualities," dec. 



94 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. [RULE XXI. 

Exercises in Parsing. 

Those persons are abundantly more oppressed than we. 
Though I am not so good a scholar as he is, I am, perhaps, 
not less attentive than he to my studies. 

False Syntax to be corrected 

The business was much better executed by his brother than 
he. They are much greater gainers than me by this unex- 
pected event. They know how to write as well as him ; but 
he is a much better grammarian than them. Thou art a much 
greater loser than me by his death. She suffers hourly more 
than me. Who betrayed her companion ? Not me. Who 
revealed the secrets he ought to have concealed ? Not him. 
There is but one in fault, and that is me. 

RULE XXI. 

To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ex- 
press our ideas in a few words, an ellipsis, or 
omission of some words, is frequently admitted. 
Instead of saying, He was a learned man, he was 
a wise man, and he was a good man ; we use the 
ellipsis, and say, He was a learned, wise, and good 
man. 

When the omission of words would obscure the 
sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an 
impropriety, they must be expressed. In the sen- 
tence, We are apt to love who love us, the word 
them should be supplied : A beautiful field and 
trees, is not proper language, because, if we sup- 
ply the ellipsis, it will read, A beautiful field and 
a beautiful trees. In this case it is better to use 
another adjective ; as, A beautiful field and fine 
trees. 

Questions. — Why is man omitted ? What is this omis- 
eion of man called ? Why not omit them in the example 
under the other part of the rule. ? 



RULE XXII.] SYNTAX. 95 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

These counsels were the dictates of virtue, and the dic- 
tates of true honor. We must guard against too great sever- 
ity or facility of manners. By these happy labors, they who 
sow and reap will rejoice together. 

Note.— The noun is frequently omitted in the following 
manner : The laws of God and man ; that is, The laws of God 
and the laws of man. Emphasis renders the ellipsis of the 
noun improper. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 

Avarice and cunning may acquire an estate ; but avarice 
and cunning cannot gain friends. The anxious man is the 
votary of riches ; the negligent, of pleasure. 

RULE XXII. 

All the parts of a sentence should correspond to 
each other ; a regular and dependent construction 
throughout should be carefully preserved. The fol- 
lowing sentence is therefore inaccurate; He was 
more beloved, but not so much admired as Cinthio. 
More requires than after it, which is nowhere found 
in the sentence. It should be, He was more beloved 
than Cinthio, but not so much admired. 

False Syntax to be corrected. 
He is more bold and active, but not so wise and studious 
as his companion. Neither has he, nor any other persons 
suspected so much dissimulation. Several alterations and 
additions have been made to the work. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



PROSODY. 



Prosody consists of two parts: the former teaches 
the true pronunciation of words, comprising acc^t 

ZZ T U EM 7 ASIS ' PAUSE ' and T0N *> anS the £ 
tei the laws of versification. 



ACCENT. 



vnd 1S the lajr,n ^ of a P eculiar stress of the 
voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word that 
it may be better heard than the rest, or disZuished 
from them ; as, in the word presume, the s£e s f 
he voice must be on the letter u, in the second syl- 
lable, same, which takes the accent. J 



QUANTITY 

ity of a 
Dronnnr 
long or short. 



occupied^ 1 ^ 7 ° f a Sylkble is that time w ^h is 
lon7or short' ° n ° UnClng * B * COnsid ^ » 

onthevowll 01 " 7", abIe iS - l0n ^ When ^e accent is 
on the vowel ; which occasions it to be slowly joined 

m pronunciation, to the following letter- as S 
bale, mood, house, feature. ' ^r , as, fall, 

sonl S i yllab i! e u Sh ° rt When the accent is on the con- 
sonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickTv 

Ztr SUCC6eding l6tter; "' «< SSJ 

A long syllable requires double the time of a 

1 or one m pronouncing it; thus, maieZ note 

should be pronounced as slowly again as ^3 

EMPHASIS. 

By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller 
sound of voice, by which we diftinguish some 



PROSODY. 97 

word, or words, on which we design to lay particu- 
lar stress, and to show how it affects the rest of the 
sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be 
distinguished by a particular tone of voice, as well 
as by a greater stress. 

PAUSES. 

Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are a 
total cessation of the voice, during a perceptible, and, 
in many cases, a measurable space of time. 

TONES. 

Tones are different both from emphasis and pauses ; 
consisting in the modulation of the voice, the notes 
or variations of sound, which we employ in the ex- 
pression of our sentiments. 

VERSIFICATION. 

Versification is the arrangement of a certain num- 
ber and variety of syllables, according to certain 
laws. 

Rhyme is the correspondence of the last sound of 
one verse to the last sound or syllable of another. 

9 



98 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation is the art of dividing a written 
composition into sentences, or parts of sentences, 
by points or stops, for the purpose of marking the 
different pauses, which the sense and an accurate 
pronunciation require. 

Question. — What is punctuation ? 

COMMA. 

The Comma usually separates those parts of a 
sentence, which, though very closely connected in 
sense and construction, require a pause between 
them. 

Question. — What does the comma usually separate ? 

Eule i. — With respect to a simple sentence, the several 
words of which it consists have so near a relation to each 
other, that, in general, no points are requisite, except a full 
stop at the end of it ; as, " The fear of the Lord is the begin 
ning of wisdom." " Every part of matter swarms with living 
creatures." 

Question. — Why is no pause requisite in these examples, 
except at the end? 

A simple sentence, however, when it is a long one, and the 
nominative case is accompanied with inseparable adjuncts, 
may admit of a pause immediately before the verb; as, " The 
good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect 
the cultivation of the English language f " To he totally in- 
different to praise or censure, is a real defect in character." 

Questions. — Why is a pause inserted before the verb has r 
in the first example ? Which word is the nominative case ? 
By what inseparable adjuncts is it accompanied ? Why a 
pause before the verb- is, in the next example ? 

Eule h. — When the connection of the different parts of a 
simple sentence is interrupted by an imperfect phrase, a 
comma is usually introduced before the beginning, and at 
the end of this phrase ; as, " I remember, with gratitude, his 



PUNCTUATION. 99 

goodness to me ;" " His work is, in many respects, very im- 
perfect. It is, therefore, not much approved." But, when 
these interruptions are slight and unimportant, the comma 
is better omitted; as, "Flattery is certainly pernicious;" 
" There is surely a pleasure in beneficence." 

Questions. — By what imperfect phrases are the different 
parts of the sentences, constituting the examples, interrupted? 
Where are the pauses placed ? Why is the comma omitted 
in the last two examples ? 

In the generality of compound sentences, there is frequent 
occasion for commas ; as will appear from the following view 
of the different occasions to which they are adapted. 

Rule in. — When two or more nouns occur in the same 
construction, they are parted by a comma ; as, " Reason, vir- 
tue, answer one great aim ;" " The husband, wife, and chil- 
dren, suffered extremely ;"* " They took away their furniture, 
clothes, and stock in trade ;" " He is alternately supported 
by his father, his uncle, and his elder brother." 

Questions. — In the examples, what two nouns occur in the 
same construction ? W^hat do you understand by the same 
construction ? 

From this rule there is mostly an exception, with regard 
to two nouns closely connected by a conjunction ; as, " Virtue 
and vice form a strong contrast to each other ;" " Libertines 
call religion bigotry or superstition ;" " There is a natural 
difference between merit and demerit, virtue and vice, wis- 
dom and folly." 

Question. — W r hy are there no commas in these examples ? 

But, if the parts connected are not short, a comma may 
be inserted, though the conjunction is expressed; as, " Ro- 
mances may be said to be miserable rhapsodies, or danger- 
ous incentives to evil ;" " Intemperance destroys the strength 
of our bodies, and the vigor of our minds." 

Question. — As the conjunction is expressed in these sen- 
tences, why is the comma inserted ? 

* As a considerable pause in pronunciation is necessary 
between the last noun and the verb, a comma should be in- 
serted to denote it. But as no pause is allowable between 
the last adjective and the noun, under Rule IV., the comma 
is there properly omitted. 



100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Rule iv. — Two or more adjectives, belonging to the same 
substantive, are likewise separated by commas ; as, " Plain, 
honest truth, wants no artificial covering ; ' " David was a 
brave, wise, and pious man ;" " A woman, gentle, sensible, 
well-educated, and religious ;" " The most innocent pleasures 
are the sweetest, the most rational, the most affecting, and 
the most lasting." 

Questions. — What adjectives in the examples ? Why are 
they separated by commas ? To what substantive do they 
belong 'i 

But two adjectives, immediately connected by a conjunction, 
are not separated by a comma ; as, " True worth is modest 
and retired ;" " Truth is fair and artless, simple and sincere, 
uniform and consistent ;" " We must be wise or foolish ; there 
is no medium." 

Question. — Why are not the adjectives in these examples 
separated by commas ? 

Rule v. — Two or more verbs, having the same nominative 
case, and immediately following one another, are also sepa- 
rated by commas; as, "Virtue supports in adversity, moder- 
ates in prosperity ;" "In a letter, we may advise, exhort, 
comfort, request, and discuss." 

Questions. — What verbs in the examples? Why are 
they separated by a comma ? What is their nominative 
case ? 

Two verbs immediately connected by a conjunction, are 
an exception to the above ride ; as, " The study of natural 
history expands and elevates the mind ;" " Whether we eat 
or drink, labor or sleep, we should be moderate." 

Question. — Why are not the verbs in these examples 
separated by a comma ? 

Two or more participles are subject to a similar ride, and 
exception; as, "A man, fearing, serving, and loving his 
Creator ;" " He was happy in being loved, esteemed, and 
respected ;" " By being admired and flattered, we are often 
corrupted." 

Question. — Why are the participles separated in the first 
example, and not in the last ? 



PUNCTUATION. 101 

Rule vi. — Two or more adverbs, immediately succeeding 
one another, must be separated by commas ; as, u We are 
fearfully, wonderfully framed ;" " Success generally depends 
on acting prudently, steadily, and vigorously, in what we 
undertake." 

Questions. — What adverbs in the examples ? Wiry are 
they separated by commas ? 

But when two adverbs are joined by a conjunction, they are 
not parted by a comma ; as, " Some men sin deliberately and 
presumptuously ;" " There is no middle state ; we must live 
virtuously or viciously." 

Question. — Why are the adverbs, in these examples, not 
separated by a comma ? 

Rule vii. — When participles are followed by something 
that depends on them, they are generally separated from the 
rest of the sentence by a comma; as, " The king, approving 
the plan, put it in execution ;" " His talents, formed for great 
enterprises, could not fail of rendering him conspicuous ;" 
" All mankind compose one family, assembled under the eye 
of one conmion Father." 

Questions. — What participles in the examples ? Why are 
they separated by a comma ? By what are they followed 
that depends on them ? 

Rule viii. — When a conjunction is divided by a phrase, or 
sentence, from the verb to which it belongs, such intervening 
phrase has usually a comma at each extremity ; as, " They 
set out early, and, before the close of the day, arrived at the 
destined place." 

Questions. — What conjunction in the example ? To what 
does it belong ? By what intervening phrase is it divided ? 

Rule ix. — Exprcssioiis in a direct address are separated 
from the rest of the sentence by commas ; as, " My son, give 
me thy heart;" " I am obliged to you, my friends, for your 
many favors." 

Question. — What expressions in a direct address occur in 
the examples ? 

Rule x. — The case absolute, and the infinitive mode abso- 
lute, are separated by commas from the body of the sentence ; 
as, " His father dying, he succeeded to the estate f u At 

9* 



102 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

length, their ministry performed, and race well run, they left 
the world in peace ;" " To confess the truth, I was much in 
fault." 

Question. — Point out the case absolute, and the infinitive 
mode absolute, in the examples. 

Rule xi. — Nouns in apposition, that is, nouns added to 
other nouns in the same case, by way of explication or illus- 
tration, when accompanied wtih adjuncts, are set off by corn- 
mas ; as, " Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles, was eminent for 
his zeal and knowledge ;" " The butterfly, child of the sum- 
mer, flutters in the sun." 

Questions. — What nouns in apposition in your examples ? 
By what adjuncts are they accompanied ? 

But, if such nouns are single, or only form a proper name, 
they are not divided; as, " Paul the apostle ;" " The Emperor 
Antoninus wrote an excellent book." 

Question. — Why are not the nouns separated in these ex- 
amples ? 

Rule xii. — Simple members of sentences, connected by com- 
paratives, are for the most part distinguished by a comma; 
as, " As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so doth my 
soul pant after thee ;" " Better is a dinner of herbs with love, 
than a stalled ox and hatred therewith." 

Questions. — What simple members of sentences in the ex- 
amples ? By what comparatives are they connected ? 

Rule xiii. — When words are placed in opposition to each 
other, or with some marked variety, they require to be distin- 
guished by a comma ; as, 

" Tho' deep, yet clear ; tho' gentle, yet not dull ; 
Strong, without rage ; without o'erflowing, full." 

" Good men, in this frail, imperfect state, are often found, not 
only in union with, but in opposition to, the views and con- 
duct of one another." 

Sometimes, when the word with which the last preposition 
agrees is single, it is better to omit the comma before it ; as, 
" Many states were in alliance with, and under the protec- 
tion of Rome." 

Questions. — What words are placed in opposition to each 
other ? What, with some marked variety ? Why is the 
comma omitted before Rome ? 



PUNCTUATION. 103 

The same rule and restriction must be applied when tivo or 
more nouns refer to the same preposition ; as, " He was com- 
posed both under the threatening, and at the approach, o/sl 
cruel and lingering death ;" " He was not only the king, but 
the father of his people." 

Questions. — Why are threatening and approach distin- 
guished by commas ? Why is the comma omitted after of? 

Rule xiv. — A remarkable expression, or a short observa- 
tion, somewhat in the manner of a quotation, may be properly 
marked with a comma ; as, " It hurts a man's pride to say, 
I do not know ;" " Plutarch calls lying, the vice of slaves." 

Questions. — Why is, i" do not Tcnoio, marked with a com- 
ma ? Why, the vice of slaves ? 

Rule xv. — Relative pronouns are connective words, and 
generally admit a comma before them ; as, " He preaches sub- 
limely, icho lives a sober, righteous, and pious life ;" " There 
is no charm in the female sex, which can supply the place of 
virtue." 

Questions. — Why has who a comma before it? Why has 
which ? 

But when two members, or phrases, are closely connected by 
a relative, restraining the general notion of the antecedent 
to a particular sense, the comma shoidd be omitted; as, 
"Self-denial is the sacrifice which virtue must make ;" "A 
man who is of a detracting spirit, will misconstrue the most 
innocent words that can be put together." In the latter ex- 
ample, the assertion is not of " man in general," but of " a 
man who is of a detracting spirit," and therefore they should 
not be separated. 

Question. — Why is the comma omitted after the pronouns 
in these examples ? 

The fifteenth rule applies equally to cases in which the 
relative is not expressed, but understood; as, " It was from 
piety, warm and unaffected, that his morals derived strength;" 
" This sentiment, habitual and strong, influenced his whole 
conduct." In both of these examples, the relative and verb, 
which was, are understood. 

Question. — Why are the commas inserted after piety and 
sentiment ? 



104 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Rule xvi. — A simple member of a sentence, contained with- 
in another, or following another, must be distinguished by 
the comma ; as, " To improve time, whilst we are blessed 
with health, will smooth the bed of sickness ;" " Very often, 
while we are complaining of the vanity, and the evils of hu- 
man life, we make that vanity, and we increase those evils." 

Questions. — In the first example, is a simple member con- 
tained within another, or does it follow another ? How, in 
the next example ? 

If, however, the members succeeding each other are very 
closely connected, the comma is unnecessary ; as, " Revela- 
tion tells us how we may attain happiness." 

Question. — Why is the comma unnecessary in this exam- 
ple ? 

When a verb in the infinitive mode follows its governing 
verb, with several words between them, those words should 
generally have a comma at the end of them ; as, " It ill be- 
comes good and wise men, to oppose and degrade one 
another." 

Questions. — What verb in the infinitive mode, in this ex- 
ample ? What is its governing word ? What words be- 
tween them ? 

Several verbs in the infinitive mode, having a common de- 
pendence, and succeeding one another, are also divided by com- 
mas ; as, " To relieve the indigent, to comfort the afflicted, 
to protect the innocent, to reward the deserving, is a humane 
and noble employment." 

Questions. — How many verbs in the infinitive mode, suc- 
ceeding one another, in the example \ What do you under- 
stand by their having a common dependence ? 

Rule xvil— When the verb to be is followed by a verb in 
the infinitive mode, which, by transposition, might be made 
the nominative case to it, the for?ner is generally separated 
from the latter verb by a comma; as, "The most obviou3 
remedy is, to withdraw from all associations with bad men ;" 
" The first and most obvious remedy against the infection, is, 
to withdraw from all associations with bad men." 

Questions. — What verb to be, in the examples ? By what 
verb, in the infinitive mode, is it followed ? How would you 
transpose it ? 



PUNCTUATION. 105 

Rule xviii. — When adjuncts or circumstances are of im- 
ortance, and often when the natural order of them is invert- 
they may be set off by commas; as, " Virtue must be 
brmed and supported, not by unfrequent acts, but by daily 
d repeated exertions ;" " Vices, like shadows, towards the 
vening of life, grow great and monstrous ;" " Our interests 
are interwoven by threads innumerable ;" " By threads in- 
numerable, our interests are interwoven." 

Questions. — Which example has adjuncts or circumstances 
if importance ? In which is the natural order inverted ? 

Rule xix. — Where a verb is understood, a comma may 
eften be properly introduced. This is a general rule, which, 
besides comprising some of the preceding rules, will apply to 
many cases not determined by any of them ; as, " From law 
arises security; from security, curiosity; from curiosity, 
knowledge. 1 ' In this example, the verb " arises" is under- 
stood before " curiosity" and " knowledge ;" at which words 
a considerable pause is necessary. 

Question. — Why is the comma introduced after security 
and curiosity? 

i 
Rule xx. — The words nay, so, hence, again,first, secondly, 
formerly, now, lastly, once more, above all, on the contrary, in 
the next place, in short, and all other words and phrases of 
Sthe same kind, must generally be separated from the con- 
text by a comma ; as, " Remember thy best and first friend ; 
formerly, the supporter of thy infancy, and the guide of thy 
childhood ; now, the guardian of thy youth, and the hope of 
thy coming years ;" " He feared want ; hence, he overvalued 
riches ;" " Tins conduct may heal the difference ; nay, it may 
■constantly prevent any in future ;" " Finally, I shall only re- 
peat what has been often justly said ;" " If the spring put 
forth no blossoms, in summer there will be no beauty, and 
in autumn, no fruit : so, if youth be trifled away without im- 
provement, riper years may be contemptible, and old age 
liserable." 

Question. — What words, in the examples, are separated 
>m the context by commas ? 

In many of the foregoing rules and examples, great regard 
lust be paid to the length of the clauses, and the proportion 
ihich they bear to one another 



106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



SEMICOLON. 



When a longer pause than a comma is required, 
and yet the sense is incomplete, a semicolon may 
be used ; as, " The wise man is happy when he 
gains his own approbation ; the fool, when he gains 
the applause of those about him." 

Question. — When would you use a semicolon ? 
COLON. 

The colon is used to divide a sentence into two 
or more parts, less connected than those which are 
separated by a semicolon ; but not so independent 
as separate, distinct sentences. 

Note. — The use of the colon appears to be declining. 
Many late writers avoid the use of it altogether. They 
regard it as a point of indefinite character, taking the place, 
sometimes of the semicolon, and sometimes of the period ; 
and, consequently, perplexing us with a distinction where 
there is no difference. 



PERIOD. 

When a sentence is complete and independent, 
and not connected in construction with the following 
sentence, it is marked with a period. 

Some sentences are independent of each other, both in their 
sense and construction ; as, " Fear God. Honor the king. 
Have charity towards all men." Others are independent only 
in their grammatical construction ; as, " The Supreme Being 
changes not, either in his desire to promote our happiness, 
or in the plan of his administration. One light always shines 
upon us from above. One clear and direct path is always 
pointed out to man." 

The period should be used after every abbreviated word ; 
as, "M.S. P. S. KB. A. D. 0. S. N. S.," Ac 

Question. — When would you use a period ? 



PARSING TABLE. 107 



PARSING TABLE. 

Articles. 

A or AN is the Indefinite Article. 
THE is the Definite Article. 



is a Noun, because it is a name, and because it makes 



sense with the before it ; as, the . 

Common, because it can be appropriated to any of the 
kind, and it begins with a small letter. 

Proper, because it can be appropriated to an individual 
only, and it begins with a capital letter. 

Singular Number, because it expresses but one, and it 
makes sense with one, before it ; as, one . 

Plural Number, because it expresses more than one, and 
it makes sense with two, before it ; as, two . 

Masculine Gender, because it expresses an object of the 
male kind. 

Feminine Gender, because it expresses an object of the 
female kind. 

Neuter Gender, because it expresses an object which is 
neither masculine nor feminine. 

Common Gender, because it may be considered either as 
masculine or feminine. 

C Nominative, m-a-n, 
Singular. < Possessive, m-a-n' & s,* 
( Objective, m-a-n, 



1 m-e-n, 
Plural. < m-e-n' 6c s. 



m-e-n, 



is a Pronoun, because it is used instead of a noun 



/ is the first person, } jj ! We is the first person, } . 

Thou is the second, V "§, | Ye or you is the second, >■ jj 

He, she, or it is the thud, ) | j They is the third, ) 5 

C Nominative, — ( Nominative, — 

Singular. < Possessive, — | Plural. 1 Possessive, — 

( Objective, — ( Objective, — 

It is found in the Person, Number, Gender , 

Case. 

| L 

is an Adjective, because it expresses the quality of 



, and because it makes sense with the word thing after 

it ; as, thing ; and it makes sense with another noun 

after it ; as, . 



Pos. , Com. , Sup. 

It is found in the Degree. 



i. e. Spell the noun in each case, telling where the apostrophe comes. 



108 PARSING TABLE. 

is a Verb, because it signifies to , and because it 

makes sense with one of the following pronouns before it, 
namely, I — , thou — , he — , she — , we — , you — , or they — . 

Transitive, because the Agent acts upon the Object 

Intransitive, because the Agent does not act upon 

an object. 

Passive, because there is something done to the Nomina- 
tive . 

Neuter, because neither active nor passive. 

Present , Imp. , Perf. Part. 



Regular, because the Imperfect Tense and Perfect Partici- 
ple end in ed. 

Irregular, because the Imperfect Tense and the Perfect 
Participle do not end in ed. 

Present , Imp. , Perf. , Pluper. , First 

Fut. , Sec. Put. . 

It is found in the Mode, Tense, Person, 



Number. 




















be. 




[Of Number 


or 


Order, &c. as the class 


may 


*] 






is a Preposition, because it connects the words 



and , and shows the relation between them; and it 

makes sense with one of the following Pronouns after it, 
namely, — me, — us, — her, — him, — them. 

is a Conjunction, because it connects 
r ords ) and 



J w 

( senl 



the two •< or > 

sentences ) and 

Copulative, because, ( — is added to — 

or because, < — upon the supposition that — 
or because, ( — is the reason why — 

Disjunctive, because , which precedes it, is in opposi- 
tion to , which follows it. 

is an Interjection, because it expresses the passions 

or emotions of the speaker. 

* The author thinks that the Adverbs should be learned by classes. 
Bee page 49. 







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